U T 



U T E 



" To piirchafe," fays the author, " a poflihility of being 

 enforced, the law ncitlicr has found, nor, what is very mate- 

 rial, muft it ever hope to find, in this cafe, any other expe- 

 dient, than that of hiring a man to break his engagement, 

 and to criifh the hand that has been reached out to help 

 him. In the cafe of informers in general, there has been 

 no truth plighted, nor benefit received. In the cafe of 

 real criminals invited by rewards to inform againft accom- 

 plices, it is by fuch breach of faith that fociety is held toge- 

 ther, as in other cafes by the obferiiance of it. In the cafe 

 of real crimes, in proportion as their mifchievoufnefs is ap- 

 parent, what cannot but be manifeft even to the criminal is, 

 that it is by the adherence to his engagement that he would 

 do an injury to fociety, and, that by the breach of fuch 

 engagement, inflead of doing mifchief he is doing good. 

 In the cafe of ufury this is what no man can know, and 

 what one can fcarcely think it poffible for any man, who, 

 in the charafter of the borrower, has been concerned in 

 fuch a tranfaftion, to imagine. He knew that, even in his 

 own judgment, the engagement was a beneficial one to him- 

 felf, or he would not have entered into it : and nobody 

 elfe but the lender is affefted by it." 



It has been further alleged, that the laws againft ufury 

 allow of tranfaftions fubftantially ufurious ; and, indeed, 

 that they cannot prevent thefe, without wholly putting a 

 flop to the courfe of trade. Some of the moft ordinary 

 occurrences in commerce, are in their nature ufury. The 

 praftice of drawing and redrawing, by which merchants 

 are accommodated with money for a fhort time, at a certain 

 commiffion over and above the {i\e per cent., and then for as 

 much longer, until they pay ten, twelve, and more/cr cent. 

 during the whole year, is only a more cumbrous and ex- 

 penfive method of borrowing above the legal rate of interelt. 

 But other well-known Hues of trafBc, though apparently 

 more remote from ufury, are not lefs clofely connedled 

 with it : — pawn-broking, bottomry, and refpondentia, 

 will immediately occur to the reader. Nay, infurance in all 

 its branches, and the purchafe and fale of pojl-olhs, with all 

 cafes in which a man is allowed to undertake an unlimited 

 ri(k for an unlimited premium, are in their principle ufurious 

 tranfadions. Of thefe, the moft notorious is the traffic in 

 annuities ; which, accordingly, has been found to be the eafieft 

 and fafeft mode of evading the ufury laws, although we have 

 already fliewn how greatly it increafes the rate of intereft. 

 For further particulars we muft refer to the Treatife above 

 cited ; and alfo to the Edinburgh Review, N° liv. 



USUS, in Roman Catholic times, was a term for the 

 particular manner of performing the cathedral fervicc ; as 

 almoft every diocefe had its own plain-chant, or at leaft dif- 

 fered in performing fome parts of the mafs from the reft. 

 The Ufe of Salijbtiry, Secundum ufum Sanim, was the moft 

 general. 



USWAY, in Geography, a river of Northumberland, 

 which runs into the Coquet. 



USZCZA, a town of Poland ; 25 miles E. of Cracow. 



USZITERNA, a town of European Turkey, in the 

 province of Servia ; 25 miles S. of Jenibafar. 



USZOMER, a town of Ruffian Polnnd, in Volhynia ; 

 70 miles N.W. of Kiev. 



USZTAN-UTAR, a town of Charafm ; 250 miles N. 

 of Urkonje. 



UT, a Latin term, fignifying, literally, <;j ; much ufed 

 in the ftating of ratios and proportions. 



Sir Ifaac Newton affigns its ufe thus : if iiidetermi[iate 

 quantities of divers kinds be compared together, and one 

 of them be faid to be u/, as, any other, direitly, or inverfely ; 

 the meaning is, that the firft is incrcafed, or diminiflicd, in 



the fame ratio as the latter. And if one of them be faid to 

 be, «/, as, two or more others, direAly, or inverfely ; the 

 meaning is, that the firft is incrcafed, or diminiftied, in a 

 ratio compounded of the ratios in which the others are in- 

 crcafed or diminifhed. 



Thus if A be faid to be as B direAly, and as C direftly, 

 and as D inverfely ; the meanijig is, it is incrcafed, or dimi- 

 niftied, in the fame ratio with B x C x ^C ! *'>^t is, A 



jBC , , . . 



and - - are to each other in a given ratio. 



Ut, the name of the firft found in each of the hexachords 

 of Guido. By tranfpofitions, ;// (or do) is the key-note in 

 folmifation of all major keys, and the mediant or 3d in 

 minor keys. 



This note, with the reft, were taken out of the hymn of 

 St. John the Baptift, compofed about the year 770, in the 

 time of Charlemagne, according to Poffevin, by Paulus 

 Diaconus of Aquileia. l/l queant taxis, &c. See Music. 



UTAJARVI, in Geography, a town of Sweden, in the 

 government of Ulea ; 28 miles S.E. of Ulea. 



UTAM ANIA, in Ornithology, the name of a bird of the 

 web-footed kind, wanting the hinder-toe. It is common 

 about the ifland of Crete, and is very expert at diving. 

 It is of the fize of a teal, and has its head and back 

 black, and its belly white. Its feathers refemble down 

 rather than plumage ; but though they are foft and (lender, 

 they are very firmly affixed to the (Ivin. Its beak is ftiarp 

 at the edges, and covered in a great part with down. 

 From the defcription of Bellonius, as well as his figure, this 

 bird approaches to the common razor-bill, if it is indeed 

 efientially different from it. 



UT AS, OcTAV A, in our Statutes, the eiglith day following 

 any feaft or term, as the utjs of St. Michael, &c. And 

 any day between the feaft and the oftave is faid to be 

 within the utas. The ufe of this is in the return of writs, 

 as appears by ftat. 51 Hen. III. 



UTAWAS, or Utwas, in Geography, a river of Cauziz, 

 which joins the St. Lawrence, near lake St. Francis. 



UTENDORF, a town of the county x)f Henncberg ; 4 

 miles N.E. of Meinungen. 



UTENSIL, Utex.silk, a little domeftic moveable, par- 

 ticularly fuch as belong to the kitchen. Such as pots, 

 pans, plates, &c. 



Utensils are more particularly ufed in war, for the move- 

 ables which the hoft is obliged to furnifli llie foldicrs quar- 

 tered with him ; which are a bed with bed-cloaths, a pot, 

 and a fpoon. They are likewife to have a place at their 

 holt's fire, and candle. Utenfils are fometimes furnifhcd in 

 money, and foinetimes in kind. 



UTERINE, in ylnalomy, an epithet applied to various 

 parts belonging to tlie uterus ; as its arteries, veins, &c. 

 The uterine portion of the placenta is the part immediately 

 adhering to the uterus. See Embryo, and Generation. 



Uterine, Pectus extra. It fometimes happens that the 

 fecundated or impregnated ovum, inftead of faUing from 

 its calyx, into the fimbriated end of the corrcfponding Fal- 

 lopian tube, (fee Conception,) and thence defcending into 

 the uterus, its natural nidus, either continues adherent to 

 the ovarium, and is there nonrilhcd and incrcaled ; or, fepa- 

 rating from the ovarium, and miffing the mouth of the tube, 

 falls into the cavity of the abdomen, and adhering to the 

 mefcntery, or fome of the bowels, .ibforbs and takes its 

 nouiiftimcnt from thence ; or, laftly, having entered one of 

 the Fallopian tubes, and not able, from the ftraigluncfs of 

 the paffagc, to pafs on to the uterus, it is there detained and 



nourifhed> 



