W A K 



W A K 



of England," upon the plan of BofTuet's •' Expofition of 

 the Doftriiieof the Catholic Church ;" and he alfo publilhed 

 two defences of his treatife againft the replies of BofTuet and 

 his coadjutor. In the popiih controverfy, which at that 

 time occupied the public attention, he wrote other pieces, 

 and clofed the difpute with his " State of the Controverfy." 

 In 1685, having abandoned his patron lord Preflon, who was 

 attached to king James, he arrived in 1688, took a degree 

 of D.D. at Oxford, became canon of Chriftchurch, and in 

 1689, deputy-clerk of the clofet to king William and queen 

 Mary. In 1693 he publifhed " An EnglilTi Verfion of the 

 genuine Epiftles of the Apoftohcal Fathers, with a pre- 

 liminary Difcourfe concerning the right Ufe of the Fa- 

 thers." In this work, of which an enlarged edition was 

 publilhed in 17 10, he afcribes an " authority to the fathers 

 in matters of doftrine next to infallible." In 1694 he was 

 prefented to the reftory of St. James's ; and in 1697 he 

 pubHfhed his " Defence of the Power of Chriftian Princes 

 over their Ecclefiaftical Synods, with particular refpeft to 

 the Convocations of the Clergy and Church of England." 

 By this and fome fubfequent publications of a fimilar kind, 

 fuch as his " Vindication of the King's Supremacy againft 

 both popifh and fanatical Oppofers of it," and " The State 

 of the Church and Clergy of England," 1703, fol. here- 

 commended himfelf to the crown ; fo that in 1702 he ob- 

 tained the deanery of Exeter, and in 1705 the bifhopric of 

 Lincoln. During the prevalence of whig principles, which 

 were then fafhionable, the bifhop recommended a comprchen- 

 fion with the Diffenters, and zealoufly concurred in the cenfure 

 and puniihment of Dr. Sacheverel. He maintained his mo- 

 deration in the reign of queen Anne, and oppofed the into- 

 lerant meafure of the fchifm-bill. Soon after the accefiion 

 of George I. he was advanced, January 1715-16, to the fee 

 of Canterbury. This elevation gave a new turn to his fen- 

 timents and temper, fo that in 1 7 1 8 he oppofed the repeal 

 of the fchifm and conformity bill, and alfo of the tell and 

 corporation afts, alleging that " the DifFenters were never 

 to be gained by indulgence ;" and exprefling much difplea- 

 fure againft Hoadly's celebrated fermon, " Chrift's Kingdom 

 not of this World ;" and concurring in a bill for impofing a 

 new teft againft the opinions of the Arians. Thefe mea- 

 fures, which did no credit to the confiftency of his charafter, 

 were juftified under a pretence of zeal for the church. By 

 his earneft endeavours to eKeO. an union between the Englifti 

 and GaUican churches, on the condition that each ftiould retain 

 the greateft part of its peculiar doftrines, he incurred a con- 

 liderable degree of cenfure, particularly on the part of the 

 author of the " Confeffional ;" but his charafter and inten- 

 tions were vindicated by Dr. Maclaine, in an appendix to 

 his Tranflation of Molheim's Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, to 

 which, as well as to the Biographia Britannica, we refer for 

 a ftatement of this bufinefs. After all, his difcretion and faga- 

 city as to the objeft and conJuft of this tranfaflion did not 

 efcape juft aiiimadverfiO[i. Such, however, was his con- 

 ciliatory difpofition, and his difpolltion to promote concord 

 and union, that he acknowledged the foreign Proteftant 

 churches to be true members of the Chriftian community, 

 and recommended forbearance and toleration with regard to 

 theological doftrines. It is, however, a matter of regret, 

 that his treatment of feparatifts at home did not manifeft, 

 to the degree that might have been wiftied, a fimilar fpirit 

 of toleration. His conduft towards father Courayer, an emi- 

 nently liberal Catholic, redounded greatly to his honour. 

 In the latter period of his life, his increafing infirmities ren- 

 dered it neceffary for him to transfer the exercife of his 

 ecclefiaftical duties to Dr. Gibfon, biihop of London ; and 

 at length he clofed his life and labours, January 1736-7, in 



his 80th year, leaving fix daughters, who were all married, 

 and bequeathing his hbrary, MSS., and coins, to the college in 

 wliicli he was educated. Four editions of a treatife, intitled 

 " A Preparation for Death," &c. and 3 volumes of his 



Sermons, Charges, &e. were pubhftied Biog. Brit. Mofti. 



E. H. Appendix, N"^ iv. vol. vi. ed. 8vo. 181 i. 



Wake, in Geography, a county of North Carolina, con- 

 taining 17,086 inhabitants, including 5878 flaves. 



Wake of a Ship denotes the print or track imprefied by 

 the courfe of a ftiip on the furface of the water. It is formed 

 by the reunion of the body of w.ater, which was feparated 

 by the (liip's bottom whilft moving through it, and may be 

 feen to a confiderable diftance behind the ftern, as fmoother 

 than the reft of the fea. Hence it is ufually obferved by 

 the compafs, to difcover the angle of lee- way. 



By this, a guefs alfo may be made of the fpeed fhe 

 makes. 



When, in a ftiip's ftaying, (lie is fo quick, that fhe does 

 not fall to leeward, upon a tack, but that, vi-hen tacked, her 

 wake is to the leeward, they fay, Jhe Jlays to the tueather of 

 her 'wake ; which is a fign fhe feels her helm well, and is 

 nimble of fteerage. 



Alfo, when one ftiip, purfuing another, is got as far into 

 the wind as (he, and fails direftly after her, on the fame 

 tack, or on a line fuppofcd to be formed on the continuation 

 of her keel, they i^y,Jlje is got into her ivakc. 



Two diftinft objedis obferved at fea are faid to be in the 

 wake of each other, when the view of the fartheft is inter- 

 cepted by the neareft ; fo that the obferver's eye, and the 

 two objefts, are all placed upon the fame right line. 



WAKE-Rolin, or CvcKOW-Pint, in Botany. See Arum. 

 The root of arum, dried and powdered, is ufed by the 

 French for walhing their il<.in, and is lold at a high price 

 under the name of Cyprefs powder ; it is both a good and 

 an innocent cofmetic. 



Thefe roots are faid to poffefs a faponaceous quality, and 

 have been ufed in waftiing linen inftead of foap. In their 

 dry ftate, when they have been deprived of their acri- 

 mony, they have been made into bread, and alfo prepared as 

 ftarch. 



The leaves and flowers of arifarum trqualis, broad-leaved 

 friar's cowl, are deterfive and vulnerary ; and applied either 

 in the form of ointment or decoftion to malignant ulcers. 

 Its root taken in powder is efteemed againil the plague, the 

 dofe being from a fcruple to a drachm. Of the root alfo 

 are made collyria, which are ufed in curing fiftulas of the 

 eyes. Vide Lemery, des Drog. in voc. 



WAKEFIELD, Gilbert, in 5/of/-a/)/yi, an eminent claf- 

 fical fcholar, wasthe fon of the Rev. George Wakefield, reftor 

 ofSt. Nicholas, Nottingham, and born in that town in the year 

 1756. After a previous grammatical education, he was ad- 

 mitted, in 1772, into Jefus college, in the univerfity of Cam- 

 bridge. Here he purfued his ftudies with an affiduity which 

 eftabliftied his reputation ; and having taken his degree of 

 B.A. in 1776, he was foon afterwards elefted a fellow of 

 his college. At this early period, he publiftied a fmall col- 

 leftion of Latin poems, and a few critical notes on Homer. 

 Having diretted his particular attention to theological in- 

 quiries, he began betimes to entertain doubts concerning the 

 articles of the church, and though he took deacon's orders 

 in 1778, he reproached himfelf for complying with the pre- 

 vious forms. He commenced his minifterial labours as a 

 curate at Stockport, and thence he removed to Liverpool, 

 difcharging the duties of his office with a fuitable fenfe of 

 their importance. Diffatisfied, however, with the doftrines 

 and liturg)' of the church, he determined to furrender his 

 conneftion with it; and having married in 1779, he accepted 



