WALL. 



them, each fpreading it towards himfelf, and in this way 

 they lay in the flints ; the mortar in this cafe being made 

 Tery iliff. Stone and earth walls are only of a temporary, 

 and not by any means of a complete nature ; they may, how- 

 ever, in fome cafes, ferve to defend rabbit-warrens and other 

 fuch places, when (tones are not wholly to be had for the 

 purpofe, and they are formed and conftrufted in a proper 

 manner. They are, however, very apt to be thrown down 

 by large animals, and to be foon deftroyed, confequently to 

 be expenfive in the end. 



Turf or fod walls are in pretty much the fame fitiiation 

 in regard to their ufo, and form but a very indifferent fort 

 of defence ; they are, however, found ufeful on fome oc- 

 cafions, where other kinds of materials cannot be met 

 with. 



Boarded walls are only had recourfe to in particular cafes, 

 as from their perilhable nature they are conftantly required 

 to be kept coated over with fome fubftance as a proteftion 

 at a confiderable expencc. They are formed in feveral 

 different ways, according to the nature of the circumftancee, 

 and their intended ufes. 



Walls of different kinds, and banks of earth, are fome- 

 times employed in defending plantations of young trees from 

 the injuries to which they are liable and expofed in many 

 cafes ; and in fome fituations they form cheap and eligible 

 modes of effefting the bufinefs. 



In fpcaking of building field-walls, Mr. London has re- 

 marked, that when lime is employed in fuch walls, if, in 

 place of flacking it, and letting it lie to mellow or four for 

 fome weeks, no more were flaked ard made ready for ufe 

 than what was worked up in the fame day ; — if the fand 

 were clean and rough, and well incorporated with the lime, 

 and the coping put carefully on, fuch walls would lafl an 

 inconceivable length of time. Lime ulod in thii way, it is 

 faid, binds immediately ; and that the longer it ftands the 

 harder it becomes. The furfaces of fuch walls, too, would 

 acquire a coating of mofTes, which, it is thougtit, would add 

 greatly to their beauty, and at the fame time prevent ducay. 

 Our anceflors, it is faid, ufcd lime in this way ; and their 

 buildings, in walls of the field kind, as well as in houfcs, 

 though under every difadvantage, remain, it is obferved, as 

 monuments of their fnperior knowledge in this particular. 

 But the modern builders in general, it is thought, dcflroy 

 their mortar before they make ufe of it : it is faturatcd, it 

 is faid, willi fixed air, or, in common language, has lojl band 

 before it is put in tlie walls : licncc tlic weaknefs and 

 fpeedy decay of modern walls and buildings, efpiH'ially thofe 

 of the rubble work kind. A proper notion of llie im- 

 portance of this hint is, it is thought, too feldom formed. 

 But let it be afked, whether it be moil defirable to build 

 walls that will fland for centuries with little or no repair, or 

 to build them in the common way, when, if they (land half 

 a century, they are to be pointed or rough called every 

 eight or ten years ; while the different modes coll nearly the 

 fame in the original expence ? 



The ufes of (lone-walls as field defences are limited to 

 particular didricts and fituations, and the nature of their 

 conflrudtion and magnitude muil refl materially upon the 

 kinds and fizes of the (lones which are employed, and the 

 purpofes for which they are defigned. In erecting fucli 

 walls, thofe of the particular vicinity fliould be attended to, 

 and the mod fuitable forms of them adopted, proper elli- 

 mates of their expence of building being lirll procured. 

 See Fence. 



Waj.i., /Ingle nf a. See Angle. 

 Wall, Coping of a. Sec Coping. 

 Wall, prmih of a. See Plj>;tjj. 



Wall, Scenography of a. See ScENOGKAPiiy. 



Walls, Painting on. See Painting. 



Walls, Finer. See Fence, and Land, Inchfwg of. 



Walls, Party. See Party. 



Wall, Pias. See Picts. 



Walls, Roman, were barriers or defences conflrufted 

 by the Romans for fecuring the northern frontiers of their 

 Britifh territories. Where they could not avail themfelves 

 of feas, firths, rivers, woods, and mountains, for their protec- 

 tion, they had recourfe to a variety of artificial modes of 

 defence; guarding thofe parts of their frontiers that were 

 mofl accefTible by chains of forts, deep ditches, elevated 

 moulids and ramparts of earth, and even ilone-walls. 

 Agricola, having in the fecond year of his government,, 

 A.D. 79, conduftcd his army northwards, and reduced the 

 Brigantes, the Ottadini, the Gadeni, and perhaps the 

 Sclgovs, to obedience, obliged them to give hoflages, and 

 begirt them with garrifons and fortreffes to fecure his con- 

 quefl. The forts which he built are fuppofed to have been 

 on or near the trail where Adrian's rampart and Severus's 

 wall were afterwards erefted. In his third year he pro- 

 ceeded as far N. as the river Tay, and in the following 

 fummer employed his forces in conflrufting a chain of forts' 

 between the firths of Forth and Clyde. The fpot was 

 wifely chofen for this purpofe ; and this chain of forts, each 

 of which was garrifoncd and furnifhed with provifions for 

 a year, ferved to keep the adjacent country in obedience, and 

 reflrained the incurfions of the Caledonians, while Agricola 

 profecuted his operations in Britain. But by the negligence 

 of his fucceffors, thefe forts became an infufficient fecnrity 

 after his departure. Although little is known of the oc- 

 currences that filled up the interval between the departure 

 of Agricola, A.D, 8;, and the arrival of Adrian A.D. 

 1 20 ; yet we have fufficient reafon for believing, that the 

 Britifh nation, in the fouth of Scotland and in the north of 

 England, had in that interval thrown off the Roman yoke. 

 The emperor Adrian, more intent upon fecuring than en- 

 larging his empire, contradled its limits in Britain ; and for 

 its protedlion dug a deep ditch, and threw np a lofty and 

 fpacious rampart from fea to fca ; and this was the fecond 

 artificial barrier of the Roman territories \n Britain. This 

 rampart was condrufted of earth, and extended from the 

 Solway firth, a little W. of the village of Burgh on the 

 Sands, in as direift a line as polTible, to tiie river Tine on the 

 call, at the place where the town of NewcalUe now ftands ; 

 fo that it mull have been above fixty Englilh, and near 

 feventy Roman miles in length. This work confilled of the 

 principal Agger or Vallum (rampart) on the brink of the 

 ditch ; the ditch on the N. fide of the Vallnni ; another 

 agger or mound of earth on the S. fide of the principal 

 vallum or rampart, at about five paces dillant from it, which 

 may be called the foulh agger ; and a large agger or mound 

 on the N. fide of the ditch, denominated the north agger. 

 This lafl is fuppofed by Horfley to have been tlie military 

 way to the ancient line of forts, built by Agricola, and alfo 

 ferving as a military way to tliis work. The fouth agger is 

 fuppofed to have been made for an inner defence, in c.ife the 

 enemy might beat its defenders from any part of the prin- 

 cipal rampart, or to protetl the foldiers again 11 a fuJden 

 attack from the Provincial Britons. It is generally iome- 

 wliat fnialler than llie principal rampart, but in fome places 

 it is larger. Thefe four works preferve a conllant parallelifm 

 one to another. Tlie dillance of llie north agger or mound 

 from the brink of the ditch is about twenty feet. It is con- 

 jeftured that the principal rampart was at leall ten or twelve 

 feet high ; the fouth one not imieh lefs, but the north one 

 confidcrably lower. The ditch was near nine feet deep, and 



clcvca 



