WALL. 



tlie back fide of the walls, which ftiould be in number pro- 

 portionable to the length of the walls. The length ufually 

 allowed for each fire to warm is forty feet, though they do 

 very well for fifty feet : they fhould be fhedded over with 

 brick and tile, to keep out the wind and rain, otherwife the 

 fires will not burn equally ; and as it is quite neceffary to 

 have the fire-places or ovens below the foundatioB of the firft 

 flues, there muft be fteps down into the fheds, to come to 

 the mouth of them to fupply the fuel : of courfe, they 

 Ihould not be narrower than eight feet in the cle::r. Where 

 the length of walling requires two ovejis, they may be in the 

 middle, being included in one {hed, which will fave expence, 

 and allow more room to attend the fires ; as, in this cafe, 

 the flieds muft be at lea-ft ten feet long, but not more than 

 fix in breadth, the fteps down being at one end. 



In regard to the lower flue, through which the fmoke 

 firft pafies from the fire, it may be two feet and a half 

 deep : of courfe, the back wall ftiould be at leaft two bricks 

 and a half thick, as high as the top of this flue ; and then it 

 may be fet off to two bricks, which mutt be continued to 

 the top of the wall. The fecond flue, which fhould return 

 over the firft, may be made two feet ; the third, a foot and 

 a half; and the fourth, one foot deep; which four flues, 

 with their coverings, will rife near eight feet in height, fo 

 that there will be about two feet left for fixing of the frames 

 at the top to fupport the glaftes, and for the coping of the 

 wall : thefe four returns will be fufficient to warm the air in 

 the frames. But in the carrying up thefe walls, fome ftrong 

 iron hooks fhould be well faftened at convenient diftances, 

 projc6ting about two inches from the wall, to which the 

 treUis muft be faftened, which is to fupport the trees. The 

 flues muft be well pargeted with loam on their infide, and 

 loam be fpread under the tiles which cover them, to the 

 thicknefs of the hooks, that the flues may be very fmooth. 

 At each end of thefe flues fmall arches Ihould be turned in 

 ■the back walls, in fuch a manner that there may be holes 

 opening to clean the flues of foot, whenever there is a ne- 

 ceffity for it. With refpeft to the borders in the front of 

 thefe v/alls, they fhould be about four feet wide, which will 

 make a fufficient declivity for the floping glaffes ; and on 

 the outfide of them Ihould be low walls, rifing four or fix 

 inches above the level of the borders, upon which the plate 

 of timber muft be laid, on which the floping glaffes are to 

 reft. The glaffes muft be divided into two ranges, being 

 contrived in fuch a manner, as that the upper row may flide 

 down, and be faftened at fuitable diftances, but the lower 

 may be either fixed or moveable ; and the floping timbers, 

 which fupport the glafs-frames, muft be faftened at bottom 

 into the ground-plate in the front of the border, and at the 

 top into ftrong iron cramps, fixed in the upper part of the 

 wall for the purpofe. They are beft made of fir, which 

 does not twift, as oak and fome other wood, where it is laid 

 in fuch pofition ; and on the top fhould be fixed, in a clofe 

 manner, a ftrong board, under which the upper row of 

 glaffes fhould flide, in order to fecure the upper part of the 

 glaffes from being raifed by the winds, and keep the wet 

 -from the trees. It may projeift on the top glaffes about 

 two inches. The width of the frames may be about three 

 feet, or according to the extent of the wall, the bars being 

 placed lengthways of them. See Stove, and Wall, Hollow 

 or Forcing. 



Walls in gardens are not only of great utility, import- 

 ance, and advantage, as ferving the purpofe of defences 

 againft external injuries, and as flieltering againft cold, cut- 

 ting winds, high llormy blafts, and all forts of fevere ex- 

 pofure, but alfo as affording the means of having different 

 jTorts of fruit-trees trained againft them, for the produftion 



of finer, more early, and better perfefted fruit. Indeed, 

 without their affiftance, many of the more tender forts of 

 fruit-trees cannot be made to mature and ripen their fruit in 

 any full perfection, in this climate. 



Thefe are thofe of the peach, neftarine, apricot, vine, 

 fig, and other fimilar kinds, all of which ftand in need of 

 nearly the bell full fouth walls to produce their fruits in the 

 fullefl and fineft proportion, having their branches trained 

 in clofe, in a regular expanding manner upon them, in order 

 to have the full benefit of their warmth and proteftion during 

 the time of their early bloffoming, and fetting their fruits in 

 the fpring months ; and afterwards to obtain the moft com- 

 plete influence and advantage of the fun, in bringing them for- 

 ward in the moft effeftual manner to the above noticed ftate 

 of maturity, in due feafon, and with the greateft richnefs of 

 flavour. 



Walls are likewife ufeful for moft or all of the more com- 

 mon hardy forts of fruit-trees, notwithftanding they are 

 capable of producing good fruits abundantly without the 

 aid of them, as they are thereby afforded more early, and 

 in fuperior ftates of perfeftion as to fize, beauty, and fine- 

 nefs of flavour. Where any of the better forts of thefe have 

 the advantage of being grown againft a fouth, fouth-weft, 

 or eaft wall, their fruits become ripe early, and in a per- 

 feAly mature manner ; and commonly the early as well as 

 later kinds acquire ftill more improved ftates of perfeftion 

 and finenefs of flavour, fome of them for immediate eating, 

 others for keeping different lengths of time. This is the 

 cafe in the chief forts of the cherry kind, in the choicer forts 

 of plums, the capital forts of the fineft eating pears, of the 

 fummer, autumn, and winter kinds ; as alfo in fome highly 

 valued forts of the eating apples of thefe different feafons. 



And by planting fome of thefe feveral hardy forts of 

 fruit-trees againft walls fully to the fouth, others againfl 

 thofe which have a wefterly afpeft, and a few on thofe to- 

 wards the eaft and north, the beft forts of their different 

 fruits will be produced in fucceflion, both at an early and 

 late period. 



Where walls are fituated in the interior parts of garden 

 grounds, or near their boundaries, with pieces of ground 

 and boundary fences exterior to them, they may be fur- 

 niftied and planted with the moft choice forts of fruit-trees 

 on both fides, fuiting them to the nature of the afpeft, in 

 both the tenderer and more hardy kinds, fome being placed 

 on the full fouth walls, others on the weft and eaft afpefts 

 of them, as well as on their northern expofures : however, 

 in general, allotting thofe of the beft forts, of the former 

 as well as latter defcription, to the walls with fouthern ex- 

 pofures or afpefts, as all thofe of the peach, neftarine, 

 apricot, vine, fig, and other hke forts of the tender varieties 

 of fruit-trees, as noticed already ; and fome of thofe of the 

 fineft kinds of cherries, plums, pears, and apples, in the 

 more hardy fruit-tree kinds. 



The lefs fine kinds of all or moft of thefe tender and 

 hardy forts, but chiefly of the latter, may be planted againft 

 the walls which have weflern and eaftern afpefts ; and thofe 

 which have northern expofures or afpefts may have fome of 

 the latter forts, as fome kinds of fummer pears, plums, 

 morello cherries, and currants, for later fucceflional ripen- 

 ing, placed againft them. 



Experience has now pretty fully fhewn, that the crops 

 of fruit are the moft abundant, and of the beft quality, 

 where the walls, againft which the trees are arranged and 

 nailed, are well built in the perfeftly flraight form, as they 

 proteft the bloffoms and young fruit in the moft favourable 

 manner for the purpofe. 



Wall, Hollow or Forcing, that fort of wall which is con- 



ftruded 



