W A L 



W A L 



Wall-trees require the above methods of pruning and 

 training to form their different heads in their young growths ; 

 and afterwards in an annual manner to retrench their over- 

 luxuriant (hooting, and keep them within due limits and in 

 regular order, for the produftion of full crops of the beft 

 fort of fruit of their different kinds. In thefe views they 

 (land in need of a regular fummer and winter pruning every 

 year, as well as a conftant unnailing and renailing in the pro- 

 per methods and times of the feafon. 



The methods of planting, tradning, pruning, and nailing 

 of the different forts, are explained in the feveral heads, under 

 their particular culture. 



Wall-trees befides walls are fometimes planted and trained 

 againft wooden ereftions, fuch as palings and thofe made in 

 a clofe manner with boards, which though they are not fo 

 warm as brick or ftone walls, and confequently not fo pro- 

 duftivc of early good fruit, yet they fometimes afford it in 

 tolerably good perfeftion at a little later period. 



Great advantage is faid to have been lately attained in 

 bringing fome forts of wall-trees into a bearing ftate, efpe- 

 cially pears, bv turning the branches of them over the walls, 

 and nailing them in an inverted manner on the other fide. 



It is dated by fir Jofeph Banks, in a paper in the firft 

 volume of the Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural So- 

 ciety, that he has praftifed this method, which feems to 

 have been learned from a market-gardener in the vicinity of 

 London, with the bell fuccefs on the ganfel bergamot pear, 

 which is not very free of bearing. It had ftood againft a 

 north wall for feveral years, without once making a fruit 

 bud. About three years ago, he turned it over the wall, 

 and had it nailed with the branches pointing downwards : 

 the fpring after, it bore, it is faid, about a dozen of ver)' 

 tine pears, and this autumn, the fouth-fide wood, which has 

 increafed very much, produced at leaft ten dozen of the 

 fineft pears his garden afforded. 



This praftice, it is fuggefted, is now become not unfre- 

 quent in the royal gardens, where pear-trees on a weft wall 

 have been turned over to the eaft fide, and confiderable 

 crops annually obtained from fuch inverted branches. 



Sir Jofeph has likewife fucceeded perfcftly in bringing 

 duke cherries over from the north wall, on which afpeft 

 they here produce a valuable crop of cherries for the months 

 of July and Auguft. The branches brought over to the 

 fouth wall afforded the earlieft fruit, it is faid, and had the 

 largeft and faireft berries. This, in our climate, is fuppofed 

 a material improvement, as duke cherries feldom fucceed on 

 a fouth wall : the tree requires to have its root cool, and 

 when it is expofed to the rays of a fouth fun, produces in 

 general fmall and imperfeft fruit. 



The fame mode, and fome other fimilar ones, v^ill pr9bably 

 fucceed with many other forts of wall-trees, as well as 

 thefe. 



The taller forts of wall-trees are fometimes termed wall- 

 ftandards. 



WALL-Crefs, in Botany. See Arabis. 



VfALL-Flo'Ufer. See Cheiranthus. 



VJ ALL- Pftnywort. See CoTYLEDOJJ. 



VfALL-Pepper. See SediIm. 



VfAhh-Rue. See AsPLENIUM. 



WaI/L ef a Stack, in Agriculture, a term fometimes made 

 ufe of to fignifv the flem, body, or that part which extends 

 from the ground to tlie caves, and which fpreads out in its 

 upward dircClion fa as to throw off the water. It is of 

 fome confequeiice to have the walls of Hacks built in a neat 

 and exaft manner, in the preferving of the grain as well as 

 in the keeping of vermin out of them. Sec Stack. 



Vi AhL-Eycs, in Horfcs, are thofe in which the iris, or 



middle part, is of a very light grey colour. Such horfcs 

 are not conCdered handfome ; but fome fay that thofe horfcs 

 which have waU-eyes are moftly of a good kind. See 

 Horse. 



WALI.-Springs, in Agriculture, a term applied to thofe 

 which break out through fome laminated rockv ftrata, or 

 on cold fpewy or fpringy wet clayey ground. The water 

 in thefe cafes moftly drops or oozes out in a flow manner. 

 See Spring. 



V^ALL-Creeper, in Ornithology. See Picus Murarius. 



Wall-A'To/s. See Moss. 



WALL-Sided, denotes the figure of a (hip's fide, when, 

 inftead of being incurvated fo as to become gradually nar- 

 rower towards the upper part, it is nearly perpendicular to 

 the furface of the water, like a -wall ; whence the phrafe. 

 See Ship. 



Wall's End, in Geography, a townfhip of England, in 

 Northumberland, famous for its collieries ; 5 miles E.N.E. 

 of Newcaftle. 



WALLA, the name of an officer in the eaftern nations. 

 See Wall 



WALLACE,5'/V WiLLiAM,in£;ofrfl/Zi^,aheroof Scot- 

 ti(h fable and romance, was a diftinguifhed patriot and warrior 

 in the thirteenth century, who belonged to an ancient family in 

 the weft of Scotland. Hardy and magnanimous, and ardently 

 attached to his country, he engaged in the arduous under- 

 taking of liberating the land of his nativity from the foreign 

 yoke of Edward I., king of England. Having killed an 

 Englifh officer in a quarrel, he retired for fafety into the 

 woods, and put himfelf at the head of a band of outlaws, and 

 commenced an incurfive war againft the Englifh, who were 

 ftationed in that country. Succeeding in his firft enterpnfes, 

 he was joined by many barons, whote caufe was fecretly fa- 

 voured by Robert Bruce. But earl Warrcne, appointed 

 by Edward to the government of Scotland, coUefted an 

 army of 40,000 men in the north of England, and march- 

 ing into Annandale, terrified the infurgents, fo that many 

 of the Scotch nobles fubmitted, and others joined the Eng- 

 lifh army. Wallace, with his adherents, retired northwards, 

 and being purfued by Warrene with his forces, he engaged 

 them near Stirling, and defeated them with great flaugh- 

 ter. This fuccefs enhanced the reputation of Wallace, and 

 he was declared regent of the kingdom under the captive 

 Baliol. Wallace retaliated on the Englifli, and extended his 

 ravages as far as Durham, and recovered Berwick. Ed- 

 ward, upon receiving this intelligence in Flanders, haftened 

 his return, and marched with 90,000 men to the northern 

 frontier. Wallace, perceiving the jealoufy and difcontent 

 occafioned among the nobility by his high rank, refigned the 

 regency, and merely retained his command over his own 

 followers. When the Scotch were joined by Edward at 

 Falkirk, in 1298, a battle enfued, in which the Englifh ob- 

 tained a viAory ; but Wallace, whofe body of forces was 

 unbroken, retired behind the banks of the Carron. After 

 this defeat Wallace ftill maintained an unfubdued fpirit, afid 

 affertcd his independence. Edward, apprized that he was 

 infecurc whilft fuch an adverfary as Wallace lived, ufcd va- 

 rious means for difcovering his retreat and fcizing his per- 

 fon. He at length fucceeded, by the treachery of^ his 

 friend, fir John Monteith. The captive was conveyed to 

 London, where, though he had never fworn fealty to the 

 Englidi fovereign, he was tried, condemned, and executed 

 as a traitor, Auguft 23, 1305. His memory is ftill re- 

 vered in his native country, and he has been celebrated by 

 national fongs, and a variety of eulogies, the fubjeds of 

 which have been partly true, and partly fabulous. Hume. 

 Henry. 



4 P 2 WaLI/ACB, 



