W A S 



way they lull nearly double the length of time lliey do in 

 ordinary cafes where fand is not employed. 



Wash-O^ To, a technical cxprefTion ufed in Calico 

 Printing, which denotes the foaking and rinfing of printed 

 pieces in water, in order to diffolve and remove any gum or 

 paite that had been employed with the colours in printing 

 them. For "N'ant of this operation, the printed pieces will 

 neither endure the rays of the fun nor moifture. The firfl 

 fhower of rain to which they may be expofed will not fail 

 to wafh out the pattern, and reduce them to a worfe ftate 

 than that of plain white calicoes. Parkes's EIT. vol. ii. 



WASH-A-CUM-MOW, or Clearwatek River, in 

 Geography, a river of North America, which runs into the 

 Athapefcow lake, N. lat. 56'^ 36'. W. long. 110° 40'. 



WASHBROOK, a river of England, which runs into 

 the Wharf, near Otley in Yorklhire. 



WASHEDEMOIAC, a river of New Brunfwick, 

 which runs into the St. John, N. lat. 45° 47'. W. long. 

 66° 6'. 



WASHER, in Rural Economy, the name of a thin, flat, 

 circular ring, or piece of iron, which is put upon the end 

 of the axle-tree of a cart, waggon, or carriage of any kind, 

 between the linch-pin and the fmall end of the nave of the 

 wheel, in order to diminilli the friction againft the nave, 

 to keep the wheel from having too much play, and to pre- 

 vent the nave from rubbing againil the linch-pin, fo as to 

 wear away too much. It is a term which is alfo applied to 

 the thin rings and fmall pieces of iron that are ufed for 

 many other purpofes, as in the hanging of gates and many 

 other fuch operations. 



WASHES, The, in Geography, lands on the coaft of 

 England, between the counties of Norfolk and Lincoln, 

 which are paffable at low water, but overflowed by every 

 tide, called by Ptolemy, MJluarium Melaris. They are 

 dangerous to ftrangers, who are unacquainted with the 

 quick-fands. The parts which run into the land have par- 

 ticular names ; below Spalding it is called Fofdike Wa(h ; 

 below Wifbeach, at the mouth of the Nen, the immediate 

 boundary between the two counties, it is called Crofs- 

 Keys Wa(h. 



WASHILABO, a river of the idand of St. Vincent's 

 which runs into Cumberland bay. 



WASHING. See Ai!LUTio\, Lotiok, &c. 



Wafliing the feet was a common piece of civility among 

 the Jews, praftifed in regard to ilrangers, vifitors, Sec. at 

 their arrival. 



Wafliing the feet of twelve poor people, is an anniverfary 

 ceremony to be performed both by the kings of England 

 and France ; in commemoration of our Saviour's waihing 

 the feet of his apoftles. See Maundy. 



Arnobius, Adv. Gentes, lib. vii., mentions a feaft in ufe 

 among the ancients, called lavalio malris Dium. See 

 Lavation. 



Washing uf Ores. See Drejfing o/'Ores. 



Washing of a Ship, in Sea Language, is when all tlie 

 guns are brought to one fide ; and the men getting upon 

 the yards, wafli her other fide, and fcrape her as far as they 

 can reach. 



Washing, in Painting, is when a defign drawn with a 

 pen or crayon has fome one colour laid over it with a 

 pencil ; as Indian ink, bidre, or the like ; to make it ap- 

 pear the more natural, by adding the (hadows of promi- 

 nences, apertures, &c. and by imitating the particular 

 matters of which the thing is fuppofcd to confift. 



Th^s they walh with a pale red, to imitate brick and 

 tile ; with a pale Indian blue, to imitate water and flate ; 

 with green, for trees and meadows ; with fafFron or French 



WAS 



bellies for gold and brafs ; and with feveral colours, for 

 marbles. 



Thefe wafhtfs are ufually given in equal teints, or degrees, 

 throughout ; which are afterwards brought down, and 

 foftened over the lights with fair water, and ftrengthened 

 with deeper colours for the fliadows. 



The colours which require only to be diffolved in water 

 are, for red, red ink ; for blue, litmus ; for green, fap- 

 green and verdigrife in vinegar ; for yellow, gamboge, the 

 yellow berry walh and turmeric wafli ; for purple, the log- 

 wood wafli and archil ; for brown, Spanilh hquorice ; and 

 for black, Indian ink. 



The yellow-berry wafli, which is a folution of the gum 

 of the French berries in water, may be prepared by putting 

 a pound of the French berries in a gallon of water, with 

 half an ounce of alum ; boiling them an hour in a pewter 

 vefl"el, and then filtering off the fluid through flannel or 

 paper. Put them again into the boiler, and evaporate the 

 fluid till the colour appear of the fl;rength defired ; or part 

 may be taken out wliile lefs ftrong, and the reft evapo- 

 rated to a proper body. The turmeric wafli is the gum of 

 the turmeric root diffolved in water ; it has much the fame 

 qualities with the former, except that it is a brighter and 

 cooler yellow ; but in order to procure a bright tinfture, it 

 mull be diifolved in fpirit of wine inftead of water. For 

 this purpofe add 2 oz. of proof fpirit to i oz. of water, and 

 having put them into a proper phial, add 2 drachms of tur- 

 meric root in powder. Shake them well together, and let 

 them ftand three or four days, repeating the (baking as foon 

 as convenient, and thus a itrong tinfture will be obtained 

 Tinfture of faffron is ufed as a yellow wafli with water-co- 

 lours. This is made by pouring hot water on the heft Eng- 

 lifti faffron in a proper phial or other veffel, which fliould be 

 placed for fome time in a heat next to that which would make 

 the water boil, and the tinfture fliould then be filtered 

 tlirough a piece of linen cloth. This tinfture is a fine warm 

 yellow ; and when very ftrong, makes a very proper fliade 

 for the gamboge or other light yellows that are bright, and 

 it will ftand equally well any of the vegetable tinftures. 



The zedoary wafli may be prepared by boiling one ounce 

 of zedoary root in a quart of water, till the water appears fuf- 

 ficiently tinged to make a ftain on paper, of a full yellow 

 colour ; and then tlie fluid mutt be llrained through linen, to 

 free it from the dregs. This wafli will be a ftronger colour 

 than can be made of turmeric without fpirit of wine, and 

 it is a cooler yellow than faffron, tiiough full as bright. It 

 is valuable for many purpofes in painting with water-colours, 

 as flowers, yellow draperies, &c. It may be dried in fliells, 

 and will afterwards diflolve and fpread kindly, witli the ad- 

 dition of water. 



The colouring of maps, or other prints, is performed, 

 either by fpreading opaque colours fo thinly on tlie fubjeft, 

 that the full efleft of the printing may appear under them ; 

 or by ufingtranfparcnt colours, which ftain the ground, and 

 dry away, without leaving any opaque body, which lall 

 method is called luajhing. In employing tlie opaque or 

 femi-tranfparent colours, care fliould be taken that no parts 

 be fo ftrongiy covered with them as to prevent the diftinft 

 appearance of the fliades of the printed defign ; as tliey are 

 to fliew themfclves tlirough the colours, and form the fliades 

 of tlie pifture made by the colouring. 



M. Cochin, in order to produce waflied prints much more 

 beautiful than the common, propofes to print upon the co- 

 lours, inftead of applying the colours upon the imprcflion, 

 in the following manner : 



Having a plate already engraved, with a figure, in which 

 it is required to introduce two or three colours, as the hat 



grey, 



