WAS 



W A 8 



been already feeii, but the great objefts as firft crops are 

 oats, turnips, potatoes, and a few others. By thcfe means, 

 this kind of walle is there frequently foon got into a pro- 

 fitable ftate. 



The trafts of wade of this defcription in the middle part 

 of this diftridl are chiefly, efpecially where in the wild ftate, 

 brought into the improved condition, by paring and burn- 

 ing the furface, the application of marie or lime, and the 

 breaking up for oats. The marie is moftly laid on before the 

 other operations take place. Some think this practice an- 

 fwers well, but much remains to be done, and better modes 

 are to be ufed for the purpofe. 



In the northern part of the fame diftrift, where great im- 

 provements of this nature have been well accompliihed in 

 deep unfavourable cafes, the moll improved practice is now, 

 after a proper quantity of large open cuts have been made 

 for taking away the ilagnant water, and for promoting the 

 drynefs and folidity of the land, to begin with eifeftual cut- 

 ting of drains in the land at nine feet diftance from each 

 other, made to the width of two feet and the depth of three, 

 below which a deep opening is formed by a long pointed 

 fpade, which is left open, but the whole fpace above it 

 covered and filled in. When the furface is levelled where 

 neceflary, and the land wholly ploughed over by beginning 

 on the fides of the drains, and laying the f urrow-fl ices well 

 over them, it is well harrowed lengthways of the ridges. 

 Then in winter, in time of froft, if it can be done, fand or 

 clay is applied in the quantity of three or four thoufand 

 fingle-horfe cart-loads to the cullomary acre, and fpread out 

 evenly over the furface, in which ftate it and the land remain 

 until the beginning of the fpring. It is then harrowed well 

 in, and the land ploughed and fown with oats. In the next 

 fpring the land is fet with potatoes in drills four feet apart, 

 ufing a little littery dung, and they are kept repeatedly well 

 earthed up. As foon as the potatoes are taken off, wheat 

 and rye are put in upon one ploughing, and good crops 

 afforded. 



In the winter afterwards thefe ftubblcs arc ploughed 

 down, and in the enfuing fpring a conipoft of fome kind of 

 heavy material with lime laid on, and the land fown with 

 barley, which affords good crops. 



After the barley, turnips are often had with a flight ma- 

 nuring ; and the land then laid down with oats, or wheat and 

 feeds. 



Lefs red clover than formerly is now fown, but the quan- 

 tities of trefoil, white clover, and rib-grafs, are increaied. 



This method of improving fuch land is found the bell, 

 and by far the cheapeft, after great experience, by a very 

 intelligent improver of this kind of wafte land in that part 

 of the county. 



The large open ditches and water-courfes fird made in 

 thefe lands are now found bell formed there with long flopes 

 on one fide, fo as to have the appearance of a fort of funk 

 fences, by which means the whole flopes are rendered ca- 

 pable of being covered with fome heavy earthy fubftance, 

 and of being then fown with grafs-fceds, fo as to aflord a 

 fward to the very water's edge ; and thereby to admit (lock 

 to lie more fheltered and warm, as well as to aflord more 

 paflurage. 



The praftice of paring and burning is here now never had 

 recourfe to in bringing this fort of wafte land into a ftate of 

 improvement. The bringing of it into fuch a ftate is, it is 

 thought, a proccfs or bufinefs that fliould proceed in a very 

 gradual and regular manner, as there is much lols and incon- 

 venience in pufhing it on too rapidly. In all fuch attempts, 

 as froft is confidered by many as h.iving great power and 

 effeft in reducing the particles of fuch foils into a mouldy 



mellow conditio^, they fhould be expofed as greatly as 

 poflible to its aftion and influence at the time when it takes 

 place, by being laid up for the purpofe. See the Correifted 

 Report on the Agriculture of the County of Lancalter. 



In different diftrifts of the more northern parts of the 

 kingdom, immenfe tratls of waftes of this kind are almoft 

 every where to be met with. In that of tlie county of Ar- 

 gyle, according to the writer of the account of the ftate of 

 its agriculture, they are to be found in every pariffi ; and 

 though capable of cultivation and improvement are wholly 

 ufelefs, and of little or no value. They have different depths, 

 as from two or three to eight or ten feet, and differ in fize, 

 fo that fome of them are to be eftimated not by the number 

 of acres, but of fquare miles. They have in fome cafes 

 every advantage of fituation for manure and markets, vaft 

 quantities of lime-ftone being near on one fide, and vaft 

 maffes of fand and fea-ware on the other ; beiides many 

 other facilities and conveniences of improvement. There 

 can therefore be no great difficulty in bringing them into 

 fuch a flate, when once it is fet about, the means of doing 

 which have been well and ably pointed out, as applicable in 

 different cafes, by the writer. It is evident, from what has 

 been already done there, that this fort of wafte, though of 

 no utility in its ufual ftate, may be turned to very great ac- 

 count, in many inflances, by cultivation. See the agricul- 

 tural report of the above county. 



It has been fuggeftcd, that by rendering the extenfive 

 turf boggy waftes of this country, Scotland, and Ireland 

 fertile and produftive, a very great addition is capable of 

 being made to the wealth of the nation, and to the means of 

 fubfillencc of its population. See Moss, Pkat, Turf, &c. 



Waste Matters, UJejul as Manure, the refufe materials 

 produced in various ways and by different operations ; fuch 

 are, the bh)od and offal matters of the flaughter-houfe, the 

 refufe of the flcin and leather dreffer, the offals of the tan- 

 yard and the glue-maker, the wafte fat oily matters of foroe 

 large fifhes, (fee WiiALE-Blul/l/er,) tiie wafte of foap-makers. 

 See Ashes, Soai-ek'j yf/Ls, and WooD-yf/hes. 



Waste of the Forejl, is, properly, where a man cuts down 

 his own woods within the foreft, without licence of the 

 king or lord chief juftice in eyre. 



Tear, Day, and Wajle. See Yeah, Day and Wajle. 



Waste of a Ship. See Waist. 



WASVK-Board. See WAHH-Board. 



WAsi-E-Clot/js, in a S/jip of ll^ar. See Fights. 



Waste-7V«j-, in a Ship, are thofe timbers which lie in 

 her wafte, or waifl. 



WASTE-Ga/cj-, in Canals, are fluices to let off fpare water 

 from a canal, miU-dam, &c. 



VJ AHTK-lVeir, an over-fall or weir for fupcrfluous water 

 in a canal. 



WASTEL Bkeai), IVaflelli. This word, which has 

 puzzled bifliop Lowth, in his Life of Wykeham, &c. ap- 

 pears, by the ConfuetviJines Glaftonienles apud Will. 

 Malmf. to have been a kind of fine bread or rolls, which 

 were ferved up in our ancient communities when the ufe of 

 the waffail-bowl was allowed. 



WASTERAHS, \\\ Geography. See Westerahs. 



WASTE RO, a fmall ifland on the E. fide of the gulf 

 of Bothnia. N. lat. 63'^ 22'. E. long. 2 i'-\h'- 



WASTORELS, or Wasthels, in Rural Economy, a 

 term applied to any fort of waile or outcaft fubftances or 

 matters, fuch as bricks, tiles, flates, and many other fucli like 

 things, when badly formed, or of a bad kind. The young 

 lambs, pigs, and calves, fold to the butchers, which are im- 

 proper for keeping as flock, are fomelimes alfo called by 

 this name. 



WASTORS, 



