WATER. 



Tiljhelf, Derbylhire. A chalybeate fpring flightly aci- 

 dulous. 



Tilbury, Eflex. A faline fpring flightly chalybeate. 



Toberbony, near Dublin. A faline fpring. 



Tonjlein, Germany. A faline acidulous fpring in con- 

 fiderable repute. 



Tralee, Kerry. A chalybeate fpring. 



*Tinibridge Wells, Kent. A chalybeate fpring. See 



TUNBRIDGE Wells. 



Upm'mjler, Effex. A ftrong faline fulphureous fpring. 



Vahls, France. A weak acidulous fpring flightly faline. 



Vichy, France. A highly acidulo-chalybeate thermal 

 fpring. See Vichy. 



Wardrew, Northumberland. A faline fulphureous fpring. 



JVannbnmn, Silelia. Thermal fprings. 



Weather/tack, Wellmoreland. A faline chalybeate fpring. 



Wellenhroiv, Northamptonlhire. A weak chalybeate fpring. 



Wejl Apton, Wiltfhire. A weak chalybeate fpring. 



Wejlwood, Derbyfliire. A chalybeate fpring : fulphate of 

 iron. 



Wexford, Ireland. A weak chalybeate fpring. 



White Acre, Lancalliirc. A chalybeate fpring. 



Wigan, Lancafhire. A chalybeate fpring. 



Wigglejiuorth, Yorkfliirc. A fulphureous fpring flightly 

 faline. 



Wildungan, Germany. A weak acidulous water. 



Wilham, EITex. A chalybeate fpring. 



Wirkf-iuorth, Derbyfhire. A faline fvdplnircous fpring. 



Zahorovice, Germany. A weak faline acidulous water. 



*Zealand, Neiu. An acidulous water : muriatic acid. 



See the article Aqu.'E, where many thermal and other 

 fprings are noticed, which have been omitted in the above 

 catalogue. 



Among the older writers on mineral waters, fee Rutty, 

 Monro, EUiot, and others. One of the belt modern treatifes 

 on mineral waters is doubtlefs that of Dr. Saunders, to 

 which we have been particularly indebted. Detached eflays 

 on particular waters are too numerous to be all noticed. 

 Among the more recent publifhed in this country may be 

 enumerated thofe of Phillips on the Bath waters ; Scudamore 

 on the Tunbridge Wells water ; Jones on the Spa waters ; 

 and Brande on the Cheltenham waters. 



The chief of the older writers on the analyfis of mineral 

 writers, are Bergman and Kirwan. Latterly, fome very 

 valuable effays have been publiflied on this fubjeft by 

 Dr. Murray of Edinburgh, of which we have availed our- 

 felves in the above article. 



Water of Cryjlallization, in Cbemiflry, is a denomination 

 applied to the water attrafted by many faline bodies during 

 the aft of cryftallization. Some falls contain no water of 

 cryilallization, while others contain a very large proportion. 

 Water always appears to enter into the compofition of 

 cryftals in a definite proportion. Water can be commonly 

 feparated from falts without afFefting their faline properties, 

 and may be reftored to them by diflblvingthem in water, and 

 fuffering them to cryftallize. See CnysT.\LLizATiox and 

 Salts. 



Waters, Dlftilled or Simple, in Medicine and Pharmacy, 

 confift chiefly of fimple water flightly impregnated with the 

 efiential oils of difl^erent plants, and are principally ufed as 

 vehicles for more aftive remedies. They were formerly very 

 numerous, but their numbers have been very properly much 

 reduced by the moderns. See Aqu.e Dijlillatie, where all 

 thofe in common ufe are enumerated. 



VI ATER, Spirituous, Cordial, or Compound, m Pharmacy, &c. 

 was the name formerly given to what are now denominated 

 fpirits, the menftruum being alcohol, and the impregnating 



ingredients commonly various. See Aqu.t. Cardiacs, and 

 Spirit. For the methods of preparing fuch compounds, 

 fee alfo Distillation, and Oil, ejeniial. 



Water, in Agriculture and Rural Economy, is a fluid of 

 great utility for many different purpofes. The nature of the 

 cotnpofition of water, and the great power and capacity 

 which it poflefles of taking up and holding a variety of dif- 

 ferent matters in the ftate of difFufion or folution, as well as 

 the circumftance of its being every where prefent amongft 

 almoft all kinds of bodies, renders it particularly ufeful in 

 the growth of plants as crops, and in many other ways. 

 Dr. Woodward, indeed, from finding it to contain the par- 

 ticles of moft forts of extraneous fubftances, was led to 

 fuppofe that fome of them were the proper matter of nutri- 

 tion ; as water is conftantly found to afford fo much the lefs 

 nourifliment, the more it is purified by diltillation, or other 

 means. So that water, as fuch merely, did not appear to 

 be the proper nutriment of vegetables, but only the medium 

 or vehicle that contains the nutritious particles or properties, 

 and which conveys them along with it through all the parts 

 of the plant. The more full and complete knowledge of 

 the nature and properties of water which has fince been ac- 

 quired, have, however, fet the matter in a more clear and 

 fatisfaftory point of view. See the article Water. 



Water is feldom, if ever, met with in a fl;ate of perfeft 

 purity, nor often in that even which is fufficiently fo for tlie 

 different operations and ufes to which it may be neceffary to 

 apply it. Nor have all the trials that have ever been made 

 been yet capable of producing it perhaps perfeftly pure. 

 There feems indeed to be no fort of ftandard by which the 

 weight and purity of water can be readily and eafily afcer- 

 tained. It is, in fad, a very difficult matter, however ufe- 

 ful and advantageous it might be in many different inten- 

 tions, as water fcarcely ever continues for any length of 

 time exaftly of the fame weight, or perhaps purity ; as by 

 reafon of the air and caloric, or matter of heat contained in 

 it, much variation in refpeft to the former continually takes 

 place. The effefts which different degrees of heat have on 

 the gravity of water are well fhewn by the expanfion of it 

 in boiling. It is this which makes the chief difficulty in 

 fixing the fpecific gravity of water, in the view of fettling 

 its degree of purity. The purefl water that is capable of 

 being obtained is, however, thought by fome, as Mr. 

 Hawkfbee, who has made many experiments on the fubjeft, 

 to be eight hundred and fifty times heavier than air. But 

 others, whofe trials have not been lefs numerous or correft, 

 have made it not more than about eight hundred, or eight 

 hundred and thirty-fix times heavier than air. From whence 

 this general proportion may perhaps be deduced, which may 

 be confidered as a fort of flandard in the bufinefs, that when 

 the barometer is at 30°, and the thermometer at i^°, then 

 water is eight hundred and twenty limes heavier than air ; 

 and that in fuch a flate the cubic foot of water weighs one 

 thoufand ounces avoirdupois, and that of air 1.222, or -y^ths 

 nearly. ( See Water. ) Thereisnot,however, any very exaft 

 ftandard in air, as the more water there is contained in the 

 air, the heavier it mull of courfe be ; for indeed a confi- 

 derable part of the weight of the atmofphere appears to 

 arife from the water that is contained in it. Confequeiilly, 

 the nearer any water is found to approach the above ftand- 

 ards, the purer it may be concluded to be ; which may 

 ferve to guide and direft many praftical ufes and applica- 

 tions of the fluid. 



In regard to the properties and effefts of water, it is well 

 known to be extremely volatile and expanfive, being capa- 

 ble of reduftion wholly into llie ftate of vapour, and of 

 being diffipated when expofed to heat and unconfined. In 



this 



