WATER, 



one end of the axis G, is a ftrong iron wheel M, giving mo- 

 tion to a pinion m, and by means of a wheel and worm n and 

 c, to a fly P, which regulates the motion of the engine, and 

 prevents any improper acceleration from the unwinding 

 of the chains. The fmall bucket B is made of copper, 

 about five gallons in capacity ; it has a valve in the bottom, 

 by which the bucket will be filled when it defcends into the 

 water of the ciftern N. The bucket is fufpended in an 

 iron link, or handle, upon two pivots, fo that it can be 

 very eafily turned over upon them. This happens when it 

 is drawn up to F, the edge of the bucket catching a hook 

 which overturns it, and difcharges the contents into the 

 trough W, at an elevation of thirty feet above X, and 

 whence it is conveyed by pipes wherever it is wanted. 

 The great bucket A is hkewife made of copper, and 

 contains about fifteen gallons when drawn up to the poii- 

 tion A : it is filled with water from a valve, or fluice, in the 

 fide of the ciftern N, which is then opened by a bent lever, 

 whereof the end projefts, fo that the bucket will lift it up. 

 In the bottom of the bucket is a fpindle-valve, which is 

 opened when the bucket has defcended to R, by the end of 

 its fpindle refting on the bottom of the well. Iron rods 

 are fixed vertically to guide both the buckets, which have 

 ears with brafs rollers in them, and inclofe three fides of 

 each, which is fquare, and they are thus caufed to afcend 

 and defcend in a perpendicular line, and no other. 



The operation of the machine is as follows : — When the 

 buckets are empty, they are flopped, as fhewn in the figure 

 on a level with the fpring at X, whence they are both filled 

 with water at the fame time, in the manner juft dcfcribed. 



The greater of the two A, being the heavier, when full 

 preponderates, and defcends ten feet from C and D, and 

 the lefTer B, depending from the fame axis, is at the fame 

 time weighed up or raifed from B to F thirty feet. 



Here, by catching the hook F, the fmall bucket dif- 

 charges its water into the trough W, and thus fuddenly 

 lofing weight, it lets the great bucket down an inch lower, 

 and the valve in the bottom is opened, fo as to let out its 

 water, which runs wafte by the drain below at H. The 

 bucket B being then empty, is fo adjufted as to overweigh, 

 and defcending fteadily as it rofe, betwixt the guiding-rods, 

 it brings or weighs up A to its former level at X, where 

 both being again replenifhed from the fpring, they thence 

 proceed as before. And thus will they continue conftantly 

 moving, (merely by the circumftantial difference of water 

 and weight, and without any other affiftance than that of 

 fometimes giving the iron-work a httle oil, 1 fo long as the 

 materials ihall laft, or the fpring fupply water. 



The lleadinefs of the motion is, in part, regulated by the 

 fly P, which not only keeps the engine to an equal velo- 

 city, but by its running forwards, after the buckets are 

 quite up or down, holds them if eady till they are completely 

 filled or emptied, and prevents them recoihng back too 

 foon. In order to counterbalance the weight of the chains 

 in every pofition, the wheels r, il, and /, are fo calculated, 

 that during the whole performance up and down, they let 

 the quadrant a move no more than one-fourth of a circle ; 

 by which contrivance, as more or lefs of the chains which 

 fufpend the buckets come to be wound off their refpeftive 

 wheels Y and Z, this weight gradually increafes its aftion 

 as a counterbalance, and fo continues the motion equable 

 and eafy in all its parts. The fpiraling of the wheels Y 

 and Z help, in fome meafure, to regulate the weight of the 

 chains in every pofition, as they act in winding on and off 

 the wheels ; but the quadrant a b, and lever with the 

 weight Q, complete the equiUbrium, by afting with the 

 greatcft force, becaufe the lever is in the horizontal pofition 



II 



when the chain of the great bucket A is all down, and 

 weigliing upon the wheel, the weight Q then afts with its 

 whole weight upon the wheel /, as that chain is drawn up, 

 its afting weight is thereby diminifhed, and the lever of the 

 weight Q is moving down towards its perpendicular, 

 whereby the weight Q diminiflies equally in its influence 

 on the motion of the wheel r, until it hangs perpendicular, 

 and its weight ceafes to aft ; but the fliding-vveight then 

 runs down in its box, to keep the rope tight, the Hiding- 

 weight being attached to the end of the rope, and not to 

 the lever. At the firft return, or re-afcent of the great 

 bucket, the weight Q is drawn up to a Ihoulder, before 

 any motion is given to the lever of the quadrant ; but 

 whilft the long chain of the fmall bucket evolves from its 

 wheel Z, the afting-weight of the quadrant is continually 

 increafing, and at the fame time the other chain of the great 

 bucket wrapping itfelf upon the wheel Y, its afting weight 

 is decreafing. Tlie lever of the quadrant rifing higher, 

 brings the hne of direftion of the weight Q farther from 

 the centre of the quadrant, and fo lays a greater force or 

 obftruftion to retard the wheel r, and continually keeps a 

 counterbalance. 



This engine, at a flow motion, carries up one bucket full 

 in five minutes ; but if the fpring ran double the quantity, 

 it would go up twice in the fame time, and an engine of 

 this kind may be made to raife one hogihead^fr minute, or 

 more, if required, the confumption of water is lefs than 

 what is fpent by a water-wheel to raife an equal quantity 

 of water to the fame height. 



The Endlefs Rope to raife Water. — This is a moft fimple 

 contrivance, and will raife up a fmall quantity of water from 

 a very confiderable depth. A foft hemp or hair-rope, 

 with the ends fpliced together, is fufpended over a large 

 wheel, which is turned by a handle ; the rope mull hang 

 down into the well, and reach fome deptii into the water, and 

 a fimilar wheel may be placed beneath the furface of the water 

 for the rope to pafs under ; but this is not neceflary when the 

 length of the rope is fuch, that its ow-n weight will make 

 it apply clofe to the upper wheel. The upper part of the 

 rope rauft defcend through a tube, which is fixed in the 

 bottom of the ciftern, or refervoir, to prevent the water 

 running down with the rope ; the tube is of fuch fize as to 

 fit the rope very nearly, but not to caufe any confiderable 

 friftion. The rope is put in motion by turning the handle 

 of the wheel, and the motion muft be in fuch a direftion, 

 that the rope where it pafies tlu-ough the tube in the ciftern 

 ftiall defcend. 



The confequence is, that the water in the well adheres 

 to the rope, and furrounds it hke a film, or covering of 

 water ; but when the rope pafTes over the wheel, fome of 

 the water is thrown off' by the centrifugal force, and falls 

 into the refervoir, and that part of the water which efcapes 

 the aftion of the wheel is feparated from the rope by the 

 tube through which the rope pafies ; for it is to be obferved, 

 that the film of water which furrounds the rope is put in 

 motion, whilft it is in the well, by the lateral adherence of 

 the water to the rope, which motion being continually 

 kept up, is fufficient to overcome the gravity of the water ; 

 but if any body is prefented to the rope, fo as to refift the 

 motion of the water, without obftrufting the motion of the 

 rope, the w-ater will fly off^, and, lofing its motion, will obey 

 the aftion of gravity, and fall down. 



The velocity with which the rope requires to be moved, 

 will depend upon the depth from which the water is to be 

 raifed. The length of that part of the rope which is im- 

 merfed in the water is alfo of fome confequence, for it 

 muft be fuch, that the rope will aft upon the ftill water 



which 



