WATER. 



ter-v)orks, is a Jketch of this machine, in which the pipes 

 are not drawn in the proportion of their lengths, but are 

 contrafted to the fpace of the defign. O is a wooden 

 trough, placed in the middle of the mountain, 143 feet 

 above the place, K, where the water drains off ; this water 

 is conveyed from the mines above it, and the fall of the 

 water from this refervoir works the machine. There is alfo 

 another trough higher up the mountain, "viz. 260 feet above 

 the place of delivery K, into which rain-water is conveyed 

 for the purpofe of working the machine with 260 feet fall, 

 when a fupply can be obtained therefrom ; but when this 

 fupply fails, the machine is worked by the cittern O with 

 143 feet fall. T is an iron-pipe defcending from the refer- 

 voir, to conVey the water to an air-veffel of copper, A, 

 placed at the foot of the mountain near the place of de- 

 livery. The water from the refervoir O, or from the more 

 elevated refervoir, flows through the defcending pipe T, 

 whenever the cock H is opened : the pipe T defcends very 

 nearly to the bottom of the veffel A A, as fhewn by the 

 dotted lines X, with the intention that the air included in the 

 veffel fhall be compreffed when the water enters, and forced 

 through the tube L M into a lower veffel, B, which is fimi- 

 lar to A, but only of half the capacity ; it is placed at the 

 bottom of the lower mine, which is to be drained at 104 

 feet below the delivery K, and veffel A ; this lower veffel 

 receives the waters collefted in this mine from the trough D, 

 through the pipe Q and cock C, and by the force of the 

 compreffed air introduced into B by the pipe M from the 

 upper veffel ; the water contained in B is expelled through 

 the pipe S, which defcends to the bottom of the vefftl B, 

 and is difcharged at F. 



The wooden trough D is the tcnnination of a trougli 

 or channel from another engine, which raifcs the water from 

 a yet greater depth ; K is a pipe with a cock for difcharg- 

 iog the water out of the veffel A, when the operation is 

 over, in order to fill it again with air ready to repeat it, fcr 

 which purpofe the fmall pipe I is hkewife opened to admit 

 air ; the cock L tranfmits and difcharges air from tlie upper 

 veffel A into the lower veffel, tlirough the pipe M. The 

 little pipe E, and its turncock, mult be opened to let out 

 the air from the veffel B, and it mult remain open wliillt B 

 is filling, by the water from the trough D, through the 

 pipe C Q, and it is at the orifice of the httle pipe E that 

 fnow and ice are generated. A valve is placed at the lower 

 ends of the pipe F S, to prevent the water from efcaping 

 out of the pipe F S, after it has been raifed, and whillt the 

 veffel B is filling with frcfli water. 



The operation is performed thus : two men are placed at the 

 veffels A and B to open and (hut the cocks ; fuppofe all the 

 cocks fhut, and the refervoir O, at 143 feet high, is always 

 full ; the pipe T H is alfo full as far as the cock H ; the refer- 

 voir D is kept conltantly full of water from the mine, which 

 is to be drained by raifing the water from D to F, 104 feet; for 

 this purpofe, it muft firit be admitted into the veffel B : the 

 cock C is therefore opened, and the water flows into B, tlie 

 air being at the fame time fuffered to tlcape from that velFil 

 by opening the cock E. The veffel B is known to be full 

 by the emiffion of v.'ater at E, at which initant both the 

 cocks C and E are to be clofed. The machine is now pre- 

 pared for the operation, which is began by opening the eocks 

 H and L ; the defcending water from the refervoir O L'liters 

 the veffel A, and comprefles the included air till its elaftic 

 force becomes equal to the preffure of the column of water 

 D F, and then the air defcends through the pipe M, and 

 enters the lower veffel B, where it preffes on the fnrface of 

 the water contained in the veffel, and forces that water to 

 afcend through S to F, which opens into the adit, tlurough 



10 



which the water is difcharged from the mine. This water 

 being raifed, the lower veffel B is become filled with con- 

 denfed air in place of the water, and the upper veffel A is 

 become filled with water in place of the air. The cocks 

 H and L are then (hut, and K and I are opened ; the 

 cock K fuffcrs the water contained in A to flow off, and 

 I accelerates the difcharge, by admitting the external air 

 into the veffel A ; and both theie cocks are clofed again as 

 foon as the evacuation of the upper veffel is completed. 

 During this laft operation another man below opens thi' 

 cock E, by which the condenfed air included in the veffel B 

 iffues with great force through E ; he then opens C, and the 

 water from D again fills the veffel B, as at firlt ; this being 

 done, he clofes C and E. 



The apparatus is now charged again ready for aftion, and 

 by opening H and L the above operation will be repeated ; 

 w'z. the contents of B will be forced up to F, and thus the 

 engine may be kept continually at work as long as the two re- 

 fervoirs O at the top, and D at the bottom, are kept fupplied. 

 The dimenfions of the principal parts, as given by father 

 Hell, are as follow, in Hungarian meafure : 



The diameter of the upper veffel A 325 inches ; its 

 height 60 inches ; the thicknefs of the copper i^ inches. 



The iron-pipe T is 260 feet ; from H, to the moft elevated 

 refervoir above O, it is 4^ inches bore ; and the thicknefs of 

 the metal is i\ inches. 



The lower refervoir O 143 feet above H. 

 The pipe F S, 104 feet long, 3^ inches bore. 

 The air-pipe L M is formed narrower towards the bot- 

 tom ; at its upper end it is two inches bore, and at its lower 

 end I inch ; thicknefs of the metal l^ inches. 



The Chremnitz foot is to the Paris foot, as 1538 to 1440 ; 

 the pound, as 106 to 92. The Paris foot to the EngHlh, as 

 32 to 30. 



A cubic foot of water of the niiiic weighs 72lbs. 

 The upper veffel A contains 575 cubic feet, add the 

 lower veffel B 27^. 



Twenty-five cfibic feet are raifed at every operation, and 

 fometimes 31 5 feet, as the water defcends from the upper 

 or lower rcfervoirs at O, the duration of the operation being 

 different ; for when the upper ciltern O is ufed at 260 feet 

 of elevation, 20 or 2 i draughts are made in an hour ; but 

 when the lower ciftern is uled at 143 feet elevation, only 17 

 or 18 draughts per hour. 



Each of theie veffels is ca(l in three pieces, which are 

 joined by flanches and fcrews, with a ring of lead and an- 

 other of leather placed between each to fecure tlie joint, and 

 prevent the tranfmiffion of any fluid. M. Jars oblerves that 

 the pipes would have been better if conncdted by flanches, 

 in the manner (hewn by the figure ; but the real praftice is 

 to drive the ends of the pipes into hollow cylinders of dry 

 wood, bound with iron hoops ; thefe anfwer tolerably well, 

 and are of coiifidcrable durability. 



The moveable plugs of the cocks, C, E, K, are fcrewed 

 in their places by caps or covers faftened down with fcrews. 



The produce of water raifed by this machine is thus efti- 

 mated by Dr. Wolfe : 



If the veffel A were completely emptied after each opera- 

 tion, the expcnce of water, when the fall of 260 feet is ufed, 

 would be 1178.25 cubic feet in an hour, defcending 206 

 feet ; and the efteCt, or the water raifed, would be 563.75 

 cubic feet to a height of 104 feet ; or, when the fall of 

 143 feet is ufed, the expence per hour would be 1006.25 

 cubic feet, and the effedt 481.25. But as it is not neceffary 

 that the veffel A (hould be much more than half emptied, 

 the expence of water will be nearly equal to, or will not 

 much exceed the quantity raifed. 



It 



