WATER. 



\ ^6 feet, and the performance is 32 cubic feet raifed 96 feet, 

 and they are in the proportion of 66 x 136 to 32 x 96, viz. 

 8976 to 3072, that is the power employed is to the efTeft 

 produced, as 2.9 to i. The quantity raifed, viz. 32 cubic 

 feet, divided by the time 35- minutes, gives very nearly 10 

 cubic feet per minute, and multiplied by the height raifed 

 96 feet = 960 cubic feet raifed 1 foot high. Divide this 

 by 528 cubic feet, which is the horfe-power, and it gives 1.8. 

 The machine is not therefore equal in effeftive povs-er to a 

 fteam-engine of tvvo-horfe power, but the power employed 

 is juit equal to five-horfe power. 



When we confider the great obftruftion which water 

 meets with in its paflage through long pipes, we find we 

 may gain feme advantage by increafing the bpre of the de- 

 fcending-pipe of fupply. The quantity of water which 

 defcends through this is 66 cubic feet in 3^ minutes, or very 

 nearly 30 cubic feet per minute ; the area of the four-inch 

 bore is 12.5 Iquare inches, and therefore 11.5 fuch areas 

 would make a fquare foot. Multiply 30 cubic feet by 1 1.5, 

 and we have 34J feet, which is the velocity with which the 

 water muft defcend in the pipe. This is much too great, 

 and it would be an improvement if the pipe was increafed to 

 fix inches bore, and the velocity would then be only 151 

 feet per minute. The performance of the machine would 

 then be greatly increafed, we think as much as one-third ; 

 it is true that it would expend more water, but not in the 

 fame proportion ; for part of the deficiency of this ma- 

 chine arifes from the needlefs velocity of the water in the 

 pipe, as well as from the violent efRux of the water by the 

 condenfed air, as we have before mentioned. 



The difcharging-pipe ought to be 1 10 feet high inftead of 

 96, and would not give fenfibly lefs water. It muft be con- 

 lidered if the original expence of this fimple machine would 

 not be lefs than a water-mill which would raife 10 cubic feet 

 of water, 96 feet high, in a minute ; the repairs of it would 

 be fmall when compared with a mill. And, laftly, let it be 

 noticed, that fuch a machine can be ufed where no mill 

 ■whatever can be put in motion. 



A fmall ftream ef water, which would not move any kind 

 of wheel, will raife one-third of its own quantity to the 

 fame height, working as fall as it is fupplied. 



From its fimplicity, we think the Hungarian Machine 

 ( which fee ) eminently dcferves the attention of mathematicians 

 and engineers, to bring it to its utmoft perfeftion, and into 

 general ufe. There are many fituations where this kind of ma- 

 chine may be very ufeful. Thus where the tide rifes 1 7 feet, it 

 may be ufed for comprefling air into feven-eighths of its 

 bulk, and a pipe leading from a very large veflel inverted in 

 the tide-water may be ufed for raifing water from another 

 vefTel of one-eighth of its capacity, 1 5 feet high ; or if this 

 veffel has only one-tenth of the capacity of the larger one 

 fiet in the tide-way, two pipes may be led from it, one into 

 the fmall veffel, and the other into an equal veffel, 16 feet 

 higher, which receives the water from the firll. Thus one- 

 fixteenth of the water may be raifed 34 feet, and a fmaller 

 quantity to a ftill greater height, and this with a kind of 

 power that can liardly be applied any other way. 



Sipho Inlerruptus to raife IValer ly Sudion. — l^iis machine 

 is the reverfe of the Chremnitz machine in its aftion, for 

 the power of a defcending column of water, running out of 

 a clofe veffel, caufes a vacuum therein ; and another column 

 of water is fucked up into the veffel, or rather forced up 

 by the preffure of the atmofphere to fill the vacuous fpace. 

 This machine is fully dcfcribed by Leopold, in his Thcatrum 

 Machinarum Hydraulicarum, vol. i. It is provided with 

 apparatus to open and (hut ihe cocks. It woiild be diffi- 

 cult to explain this machine witliout fcveral figures, and we 



have therefore preferred to defcribe a machine of the fame 

 kind invented by Mr. Goodwin ; he calls it a machine 

 that will raife a body of water to any height not exceeding 

 the height of that column which will counterbalance the 

 preffure of the atmofphere, (fay 30 feet) and aas by the 

 defcent of part of the fame body of water through a fome- 

 what greater height, aided by the preffure of the atmo- 

 fphere. 



Let A,^^. 10, Plate Water-iuorks, be a fpherical veffel of 

 copper or other metal, about 1 8 inches diameter ; B, another 

 fpfiere, about two feet fix inches in diameter ; C, a refer- 

 voir kept conftantly fupplied with water, part of which is 

 to be raifed up to E, by the power of another part defcend- 

 ing to a confiderable depth beneath the refervoir C. D is 

 a glafs cap, about fix inches long, fixed on the top of the 

 upper veffel A, for the purpofe of feeing when the water 

 begins to fill and has filled it ; E is the upper refervoir into 

 which the water of the refervoir C is to be elevated, atid the 

 contents of the upper veffel A is to be emptied ; I is a 

 pipe about half an inch in diameter, joined into the top of 

 the lower veffel B, and rifing upwards to within about an 

 inch of the top of the glafs cap D of the upper veffel ; 2 is 

 a pipe of the fame diameter, and a few feet longer than 1,1, 

 joined to the bottom of the lower veffel B, and defcending 

 downwards in a perpendicular or inclined direftion, to a 

 rather greater diftance beneath C than the upper veffel A is 

 elevated above C ; 3 is a pipe one inch and a half in diame- 

 ter, joined to the bottom of the upper veffel A, and paffing 

 upwards through the bottom to within two inches of the 

 top of the glafs cap D ; 4, 4, is a pipe of about half an inch 

 diameter, joined to the top of the veffel B, it paffes through 

 the bottom of the refervoir C, and rifes above the furface of 

 the water therein ; 5 is a pipe of the fame diameter, fixed to 

 the top of the veffel B, and terminating in and fixed to the 

 bottom of the refervoir C ; a is a pipe or fpout of the fame 

 diameter, fixed into the bottom of the upper veffel A, to 

 convey the water into the refervoir E ; 7 is a trumpet 

 mouth-pipe fixed to the bottom of the pipe 3, and extend- 

 ing downwards beneath the water to within about an inch 

 of the bottom of the refervoir C ; a, b, c, and J, are cocks 

 fixed to the pipes. The veffels, pipes, cocks, and joints, 

 muft all be air-tight. 



In order to raife water from the lower refervoir C into 

 the upper refervoir E, all the cocks being ffiut proceed 

 thus : open the cocks i and c, in order to fill the lower 

 veffel B, and when B is filled, ffiut the cocks b and c, and open 

 the cock d. The water will then begin to run from the 

 fphere B by its gravity, and by means of its communication 

 with the upper fphere A, through the pipe i, will draw off 

 the air therefrom to fupply the fpace left in the lower veffel 

 B, by the running out of the water the air in A is thus rare- 

 fied. The atmofpheric air at the fame time preffmg on the 

 water in the refervoir C, will caufe it to rife through the 

 trumpet-mouth 7 of the pipe 3, and by falling over the top 

 of the pipe 3 at D, it will fill the upper fphere A. When 

 A is full, which may be feen through the glafs cap D, fhut 

 tlie cock d, and open the three cocks a, b, and c, the cock 

 and pipe b will allow the atmofpheric air to return into the 

 veffel, and fill both with air, by which means the water con- 

 tained in the veffel A will run into the elevated refervoir E, 

 and B will be replcniflied for another operation. Then (hut 

 the cocks a, b, and c, and open the cock d, and it will re- 

 peat the operation of raifing the water mto A. 



If it be required to raife any body of water from refer- 



voir C into refervoir E, by means of the defcent of a body 



of fome other water from the veffel B, a communication 



muft be made into B, independently of the pipe 5, anH 



I 2 cock 



