WATER. 



cock c ; •utt. through a pipe-cock leading from another 

 refervoir, as is reprefented by the dotted lines comnnuiii- 

 catiiig with B near the pipe and cock 5 ; the aftion is the 

 fame as before ; but the cock with the dotted hnes is to be 

 «fed in heu of pipe 5, and cock c. By this means, if the 

 water which is employed to work the machine is foul or 

 tainted, it will have no communication with the water which 

 it raifes. This machine has the fame defeft as the Clirem- 

 nitz machine ; viz. that the power which is expanded in 

 rarefying the air is greater than the quantity of water raifed, 

 and the difference is loll when the cock in the lower veffel 

 16 opened, and the air ruihes in. 



A different Form of the Siphon Machine. — Mr. Goodwin's 

 engine is formed upon a very elegant principle, and operates 

 by the afliltance of only a fmall quantity of water. It may 

 be made in various forms, either to raifc the fluid above the 

 defcending column, or from below it to a level with the 

 bottom, and the height may be doubled or trebled by pro- 

 portionally increafing the defcending mafs, and raifmg fe- 

 veral columns of water from different elevations at the 

 fame time, by combining two or more of the ilmple 

 machines together, as is (hewn 'v\ fg. 8. Plate Water- 

 tuorks. 



C, as in the former figure, reprefents the refervoir or 

 fource of water which is to work the machine ; B repre- 

 fents the lowed of the two Teflels which contain the rifing 

 and defcending bodies of water ; and the fmall fquare near 

 Jig. 8. reprefents the upper veffel A, Jig. 10. Thefe veffels 

 are fpherical in the original drawing, but to leffen the lofs of 

 fpace in defcent, they are here made fiat and cylindrical ; 

 E is the higher ciftern of the original figure, into which the 

 water is to be raifed ; 2, 3, and 4, are the pipes arranged in 

 the fame manner as the former machine ; F, a veffel the fame 

 as A, with tubes 3 and 6 : it communicates with the 

 veffel B by a pipe, and is intended to raife water out of the 

 ciftern E into a higher and additional cillcrn G. 



The veffels E, F, and G, form a fecond machine,- which 

 has the fame parts and properties as the former, except that 

 the lower veffel B is common to both, and ferves as the 

 lower veffel to exhauil and drive up the water both to A 

 and to F ; 2 is an enlarged tube like the original drawing, 

 through which the water defcends to produce the aftion ; 

 5 is a hole in the top of B, inttead of a tube. This hole, 

 and the tubes 2, 4, and 6, muft be provided with valves inftead 

 of cocks, which muft be kept clofe by weights or fprings, 

 (while the water is rifing) except the valve to tube 2, 

 which muft be open. The tubes 3, 3, may alfo have valves 

 to fupport the raifed columns. 



Operation. — Fill the cifterns C and E with water, and let 

 the lower ciftern be ccnftantly fnpplied ; open the valves of 

 the tubes 4, 5, 6, 6, and clofe the valve of the defcending- 

 tube 2, the veffel B then becomes filled through the hole 5. 

 Now clofe the valves of the tubes 4, 5, and 6, and open the 

 valve of the tube 2, the water will then begin to defcend 

 out of B, and will exhauft the air from A and F, juft as in 

 the firft-mentioned machine ; the prefl'ure of the atmo- 

 fphere on the furface of the water C, will raife one body of 

 water out of C into A, and out of E into F ; when B is 

 nearly empty, or when A and F are full, open the tubes 

 4, J, 6, 6, and clofe 2, then B will be filled a fecond time, and 

 the veffels A and F will empty themfelves into their refpec- 

 tive cifterns E and G : thus the reciprocations continue 

 without interruption. 



Another body of water may be raifed out of G into a 

 higher cittern by additional apparatus, and by proportion- 

 ally increafing the dimenfions of the veffel B and the tube 2. 

 The dotted lines reprefent the apparatus for raifing water 

 9- . 



below the bottom of the tube 2, to be ufed inftead of thofe 

 above the ciftern C. 



This arrangement of the engine is of great utility in 

 many cafes ; and in lituations where this machine can be 

 erefted, it may be of confiderablc ufe for raifing water out 

 of mines for draining pieces of land, or elevating the water 

 employed in domeftic purpofes. 



Comparifon of different Prejfure -Engines. — In Mr. Nichol- 

 fon's Journal, 8vo. vol. i. Mr. Bofwell has given a plan for 

 conftrufting Mr. Goodwin's engine on a large fcale, to 

 operate without attendance of any perfon, to open and fhut 

 the cocks, and another method of caufing the Chremnitz 

 machine to raife water above the level of the prime refer- 

 voir ; and he makes the following comparative view of the 

 advantages of both kinds of engines and their powers. 



It will be found that the powers and capabilities of thefe 

 machines are nearly fimilar. 1 ft, In both the greater the 

 height of the original fall of water from the fource to the 

 difcharge, and the greater the quantity of water which it can 

 fupply in a given time, the greater quantity can be raifed by 

 either of thefe engines in a given time. 2dly, Both engines 

 can be conftrufted fo as to raife water above the original 

 level, and from below, to the furface, or from a pit. 3dly, 

 By a fucceflive number of refervoirs, both engines can be 

 brought to raife water to any height, but as they will raife 

 a fmaller quantity as the height is increafed, the quantity 

 wanted m a given time, and the expence of conftruftion, will 

 limit the extent of their elevation. 4thly, In both engines 

 the diftance of one refervoir from anothermuft always be lefs 

 than that of the original fall : the circuniftances in which 

 thefe engines differ arife from the difference in their manner 

 of aftion. Jthly, The Chremnitz engine operates by cauf- 

 ing a fall of water to comprefs the air, which rcafting on 

 other water, forces it to rife in a pipe to a certain height. 

 The fyphon engine afts by caufing a fall of water to rarefy 

 a certain quantity of air, in whofe fpace the preffure of the 

 atmofphere forces a quantity of water when permitted. 

 6thly, Hence in the Chremnitz engine the preffure afting 

 from within outwards tends to burft the veffels ufed in the 

 ftrufture, and to open and extend any fiflTures which may 

 chance to be in them, ythly. In the fyphon engine, the 

 preffure afting from without inwards, clofes all the parts of 

 which it is compofed more together. 8thly, The Chremnitz 

 engine will always raife water of a heiglit nearly equal to that 

 of the original fall from one refervoir to another, fuppofing 

 the original fall of any height whatfoever as 100 feet. The 

 fyphon engine will not raile water by one refervoir fo high 

 as thirty feet in any cafe whatfoever, as there cannot be a 

 complete vacuum formed by it in the air-chamber, but only 

 an approximation to one. 



From this comparifon, it will follow that wherever the 

 original fall of water is lefs than thirty-two feet, the fyphon 

 engine will be much preferable to the Chremnitz, as from 

 the feventh article of the comparifon it may be made of 

 the cheapeft materials, fuch as ftrong wooden cafks and 

 wooden pipes, whereas the Chremnitz engine from the fixth 

 article mull be made of the ftrongeft, and of courfe the moft 

 collly materials, as metal, and that of confiderablc thicknefs ; 

 but wherever the original fall exceeds the height of tliirty 

 feet confiderably, and it is required to raife the water to 

 nearly the fame height, then the Chremnitz engine appears 

 to be preferable, as, in all probability, the fewer number of 

 parts which it will require in this cafe will more than com- 

 penfate for its coil in materials. 



When it is required to raife water to a height much greater 

 than that of the original fall above the firfl level, or from a 

 greater depth, either from the original faH being fhort, or 



the 



