WATEll. 



tlie required height being great, it is better to employ an 

 engine in which the preffiire of the water is made to a£l by 

 a pifton in an apparatus iimilar to that of a ileam-engine. 

 (See our article Pressure Engine.) When neither the fy- 

 phon engine nor the Chremnitz can be ufed without a 

 number of refervoirs, then the pifton preflure-engine ought 

 to be preferred, but this will much depend on the"number 

 of refervoirs ; for perhaps one or two in addition to the 

 Chremnitz might coit lefs than boring the cyhnder of the 

 pifton-engine perfeft, and conftrufting its additional ma- 

 chinery. For merely raifing water the powers of each are 

 nearly equal, depending entirely on the height of the original 

 fall of water. 



It would be a great advantage of the pifton-preflure engine 

 if a fall of water could be applied to it without any watte, to 

 work, mills or macliinery for any purpofe; this would be of 

 very great confequence when the fall of water is of con- 

 ilderable height, and the ftream or fupply fmall. We have 

 mentioned the advantage in this engine to have its aftion made 

 elaftic, by the addition of an air-chamber, on the fame prin- 

 ciple as that ufed in engines for extinguilhing conflagrations. 

 Mr. BofwcU fuggefts that this might be effefted by making 

 the pifton hollow, and of a larger fize, to contain air for this 

 purpofe, as the air's clafticity would then aft both on the 

 upper and lower preft"ure of the water. 



Machine for raifing Water by the lateral Communication, from 

 the Motion of a Stream of Water running through a conical Tube. 

 — This machine operates by fuftion, or more properly by the 

 pren"ure of the atmofphere, and is in fome refpefts fimilar to 

 the fyphon machine. (See ^^. 9. Plate Water-iuorlis.) 

 A A rcprefeiits a refervoir of water kept conftantly full, at 

 the fame time tliat the conical fpout, B, is running full under 

 a confiderable preft^ure ; D, a fpherical copper veifel, with a 

 tube, C, joined into its bottom, and rifing up within to fome 

 height above the centre of the fphere ; E, another tube joined 

 to the bottom of tlie fphcro D, and terminating near its top ; 

 the lower part of this tube is bent, and the extremity of 

 it is introduced into the fmaller apertures of the conical 

 tube B ; F, a fpout or tube to empty the vefTel D, when it 

 is filled with water which has been raifed up out of the re- 

 fervoir A ; G, a fmall tube pafling through the fpout F, and 

 rifing to near the top of the fphere, D, tor the admiffion of 

 air to quicken the defcent of water out of that vefl^el. Both 

 thefe tubes are clofed at their lower ends by a leather valve 

 at the end of the lever L, which lever is fixed upon the 

 turning plug of a cock in the tube E, and has a weight upon 

 one end, in order that the other end may bear the valvj up 

 againft the openings of the tubes F, G, with a confiderable 

 force, and alfo to fiipport the weight of the fmall bucket I, 

 which is fufpended from the lever by a wire (at leaft when 

 the bucket is empty ) ; H is a fmall ciftern to be filled witii 

 water from the refervoir A, in the fame time that the 

 water is raifed up into D ; this muft be done by regulating 

 the cock, k, upon the pipe which fupplies the ciftern with 

 water. The ciftern H is provided with a fyphon, which will 

 tegin running as foon as the veffel is full of water, and will 

 foon empty it. The fmall bucket I, which is fufpended 

 from the lever L, is alfo fnrnidied with a fyphon-tube, which 

 will begin to run and empty the bucket whenever it is quite 

 full, but not before. 



The operation of the engine will be as follows : — The re- 

 fervoir A being kept conftantly full of water, and the coni- 

 cal tube B completely filled at its wider end by the water 

 which runs out of A, the force of the lateral motion of the 

 fluid will be increafcd by the conical form of the tube B, 

 and will adl upon the end of the tube E to draw air out of 

 the fame, fo as to rarefy the air in the veffel D ; and the pref- 



fure of the atmofphere upon the furface of the water in tlie 

 refervoir A, will .taufe part of that water to rife up the 

 pipe C, to run over its top and fill the fphere D ; it will then 

 defcend through E, and join the ftream of water which flows 

 out at B. When the veffel D is full of water, if the valve at 

 the fpout F is opened, the water will run out. 



In order to open the valve the cock k is regulated, that 

 the ciftern H will be filled foon after D is full, and the 

 fyphon of this ciftern beginning to empty the water it fills 

 the bucket I, which then overbalances the weight upon the 

 lever L, and opens the fpout F, and air-pipe G, and at the 

 fame time clofes the cock in E ; the column of water in the 

 defcending pipe C immediately defcends into the refervoir, 

 and if the fmall tube G be full of water it will be emptied 

 by the defcent of that column, and will admit air into D fo 

 as to allow the water to flow out at F into the elevated re- 

 fervoir. The fyphon in the ciftern H is regulated fo that 

 the ciftern and the veifel D will be empty of water about 

 the fame time, and the bucket I by its fyphon will become 

 empty foon after : the weight upon the lever L will thea 

 clofe the fpout F, and open the paffage through E, when 

 all the parts will ftand as at firft ready for a repetition of 

 the operation of the lateral aftion of the ftream, by which 

 the water is raifed up into D as before. 



If the water fhould defcend through E before F and G 

 are opened, it will render the cock in E more tight. To 

 quicken the reciprocation of the engine, and increafe the 

 quantity of raifed water, a valve may be made to fupport 

 the column of water in the fuftion-pipe ; this valve may be 

 placed in a cheft at the bottom of the pipe. 



The defcending branch of the fyphon in the higher veffel 

 H ftiould be made of confiderable length, to prevent a con- 

 ftant dripping, and make the reciprocation end at once ; 

 the fyplion of the bucket I fliould fall as large in bore as 

 the other, in order that the weight on L may preponderate 

 quickly, and clofe the valve immediately. 



The inventor entertains no doubt refpefting the operation 

 of a machine of this kind, and that a column of water may 

 be railed to any height not exceeding thirty feet by pro- 

 portionally increafiiig the pren"ure of water in the refervoir, 

 and the dimenfions of the conical tube. 



In many fituations, however, the requifite quantity of water 

 for this purpofe cannot be had, and others may not admit of 

 fufficient defcent. 



Where the ftream has a confiderable defcent, the water 

 may be railed by a number of lifts inftead of one, by com- 

 bining as many machines. Suppofe three refervoirs each 

 with Its conical tube or fpout through which the water runs 

 from one to the other ; alfo three exhaufting veflels each 

 with its elevated ciftern into which the raifed water is to be 

 dehvered ; and the fuftion-pipe of each veffel draws its water 

 from the elevated ciftern of the veffel below it. From each 

 exhaufting veflel a pipe is conveyed to the conical fpout of 

 one of the three refervoirs, and the lateral motion of the 

 ftream paffing through the fpouts of the three refervoirs will 

 aft upon all three engines at once. 



In like manner, when there is plenty of water, but not 

 convenience for a deep refervoir, feveral conical fpouts may 

 be fixed to different parts of the refervoir, and all upon the 

 fame level. Eacii machine muft be provided with a lever 

 and weight to work its own valves, but they may be all 

 opened at the fame time by the defcent of one veffel con- 

 uefted with all the levers, or each may have its refpeftive 

 bucket and fyphons. 



This kind of machinery, by altering the pofition of the 

 rarefying tubes, may be made to raife water from a depth 

 below the ftream equally as well as to a height above it ; and 



