WAT 



Wateiung the Soil of Tillage Land, m Agriculture, the 

 praAice of improving ploughed ground, and the crops upon 

 it, by the application of water. 



The outlines of a plan for watering arable or tillage crops 

 and lands, that has long been familiar to the writer on the 

 Management of Land, are firft to form the foil into flat beds 

 or ridges, with intervals, or trenches, direfted fomewhat 

 obliquely acrofs the flope, or general defcent of the field or 

 o-round ; iiauif 'y, fo as to dip from one quarter to one half 

 per cent, brneat'. the dead level ; this declination being equally 

 calculated u> ommunicate and carry off water. The width 

 of the bed^ 's to be regulated by the nature of the land. 

 Abforbent foils may be laid into wider beds than thofe 

 which are repellent, or of the ftiff heavy kind, that are lefs 

 prone to draw away the water. 



The depth of the trenches (hould vary according to the 

 quality of the water, and the intention of ufing it. For 

 merely moiftcning the land, in a dry feafon, with ordinary 

 water, the ti-enches, it is conceived, (hould be deep, fo as to 

 lodge the water in the fubfoil, rather than the foil above it. 

 But when an enriched water is to be ufed to fertilize the 

 foil, and encourage the growth of the crop during its early 

 ftages, it requires to be communicated immediately to the 

 pafture of the plants ; confequently, in this cafe, the beds 

 fliould be narrow, and the trenches no deeper than j'lil to 

 prevent the water from overflowing. 



When the water is neceffarily required to be conducted to 

 the uppermofl corner of the field or open ground, to be con- 

 tinued and condufted down the flope, acrofs the higher ends 

 of the beds, and to be forced into the trenches, by the 

 means of regulated checks, placed below their mouths, as 

 occafion may require ; it fhould be either fuffered to run with 

 moderate ftreams along the trenches ; or, if the quantity be 

 fmall in proportion to the extent of ground, it may be 

 checked at proper diftances, fo that the whole of it (hall 

 be abforbed, thus going over the ground, and repeating 

 the watering as the quantity of water, or the fufficiency of 

 moifture may direft. 



Watering, in the ManufaBures. To water a llufF is to 

 give it a luftre, by wetting it lightly, and then palling it 

 through the prefs, or the calender, whether hot or cold. See 

 Tabbying. 



WATERLAND, Daniel, D.D. in Biography, was 

 born in 1683, atWafely, in Lincolnlhire, where his fatherwas 

 reftor, and fent to Magdalen college, Cambridge, in 1699, 

 for the completion of his education ; of this college he was 

 elefted a fellow in 1704, took his degree of M.A. in 1706, 

 and became a private tutor. His traft, entitled " Advice to 

 a young Student, with a Method of Study for four Years," 

 publifhed at this time, was popular, and pafled through fe- 

 veral editions. In 17 13 he was nominated mailer of his 

 college, and prefented to the reftory of Ellingham in Nor- 

 folk. On occafion of taking his degree of B.D. in 1 7 14, he 

 diftrnguiflied himfelf by defending before the regius pro- 

 felTor of divinity the negative of his theus, " Whether 

 Arian fubfcription be lawful ?" Being chofen chaplain 

 in ordinary to king George I., he was nominated, on his 

 raajefly's vifitto Cambridge, D.D., and incorporated in the 

 fame degree at Oxford. Diftinguifhed as a champion of 

 orthodoxy by his " Vindication of Chrill's Divinity, being a 

 Defence of fome Queries relating to Dr. Clarke's Scheme of 

 the Holy Trinity," printed in 1 7 19, he was appointed in the 

 following year the firft preacher of lady Moyer's lefture in 

 favour of the divinity of Chrill. He alfo publifhed an an- 

 fwer to Dr. Whitby on the fame fubjeft, and in 1721 he 

 was prefented by the dean and chapter of St. Paul's with the 

 reftory of St. Auftin and St. Faith. His " Hiftory of the 



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W A T 



Alhanafian Crged," vindicating it againll the objeftions of 

 Dr. Clarke, was publifhed in 1723, and his preferments to 

 the canonry of Windfor, the vicarage of Twickenham, and 

 the archdeaconry of Middlefex, kept pace with his publica- 

 tions of this nature. His remarks on Dr. Clarke's " Expo- | 

 fition of the Church Catechifm," printed in 1730, engaged | 

 him in a controverfy with Dr. Sykes on the facrament of the | 

 Lord's fupper. Againfl Tindal's " Chriftianity as old as ] 

 the Creation," he pubhlhedhis " Scripture Vindicated," and 

 his " Chriftianity Vindicated againft Infidelity." On thefe 

 treatifes, Dr. Middleton pubhfhed remarks, and they were 

 defended by Dr. Zachary Pearce. In 1734 Dr. Waterland 

 made an attempt for refuting Dr. Clarke's opinions in a 

 " Difcourfe of the Argument a priori for proving the Ex- 

 iftence of a Firft Caufe ;" and in this year, having declined 

 the office of prolocutor of the lower houfe of convocation 

 to which he was chofen, he publifiied his treatife " On the 

 Importance of the Doftrine of the Trinity," which he re- 

 garded as fundamental, avowing his high refpeifl for the 

 authority of the fathers in this and other articles of faith. 

 In 1736 he commenced a feries of archdiaconal charges on 

 the fubjeft of the eucharift, arguing againft the opinion of 

 Hoadley on the one hand, that it was a mere communicative 

 feaft, and againll that of Johnfon and Brett, on the other, 

 that it was a proper propitiatory facrifice. But a complaint 

 under which he laboured, and which required repeated fur- 

 gical operations, endured by him with exemplary pa- 

 tience, at length terminated his life in December 1 740, in the 

 5Sth year of his age. A coUeftion of his fermons was pub- 

 lifhed after his death, " As a controverfialift," fays one of 

 his biographers, " though firm and unyielding, he is ac- 

 counted fair and candid, free from bitternefs, and aftuated 

 by no perfecutmg fpirit." Gen. Biog. 



Waterland, in Geography, an ifland in the South Pa- 

 cific ocean, difcovered by Le Maire and Schouten, in the 

 year 1616. It is reprefented as a low uninhabited ifland, 

 fandy, and full of rocks, with plenty of trees on the border, 

 but neither cocoa-nuts nor palmettoes. Some rrelTes and In- 

 dian falad were found, and fome frcfh water in ditches. No 

 foundings for anchorage were difcovered. S. lat. 14"^ 46'. 

 W. long. 149° 3c'. 



WATERLANDIANS, in Eccleftafiical Hijlory, a feft 

 of thofe that were called the gro.'^s or moderate Anabaptifts, 

 confifting at firft of the inhabitants of a diftrift in North 

 Holland, called Waterland ; whence their name. They were 

 alfo called Johannites from John de Reis, who, affifted by 

 Lubert Gerard, compofed their confeffion of faith in 1580. 

 This confeffion far furpaffes, 'v\ refpeft both of fimplicity 

 and wifdom, all the other coiifelfions of the Mennonites ; 

 though it has been alleged, that it is not the general con- 

 feffion of the Waterlandians, but that merely of the congre- 

 gation, of which its author was the paftor. 



This community, fays Mofheim, has abandoned the fe-^ 

 vere difcipline and fingular opinions of Menno, whom, never- 

 thelefs, they generally refpeft as their primitive parent and 

 founder. They are, however, divided into two diftinft fefts, 

 which bear the refpeftive denominations of Freislanders 

 and Waterlandi.ans; and are both without bifliops, employing 

 no other ecclefiaftical minifters than prefbyters and deacons. 

 Each congregation of this fedl is independent on all foreign 

 jurifdiftion, having its own ecclefiaftical council or confiftory, 

 which is compofed of prefbyters and deacons. The fupreme 

 fpiritual power is, neverthelefs, in the hands of the people, 

 without whofe confent nothing of importance can be carried 

 into execution. Their prcfbyters are, generally fpeaking, 

 men of learning, and apply themfelves with fuccefs to the 

 fludy of phyfic and philofophy ; and there is a pubhc pro- 



feffor, 



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