W H 1 



fuch rocks. But it is well known to praftical miners, that 

 thefebeds are much more variable in their thicknefs than the 

 regular ftrata, fometimes meafuring twenty, thirty, or forty 

 feet or more ; and in other parts, the fame bed will diminifh to 

 a few feet, or entirely terminate. In the ifle of Skye, ac- 

 cording to the defcriptionof Dr. MaccuUock, in the third and 

 fourth volumes of the Tranfaftions of the Geological So- 

 ciety, the whin-ftone is fpread over the regular (tratain beds, 

 or forms detached conical caps. It is alio to be feen inter- 

 pofed between the ftrata, and may be traced for more than 

 a mile in continuous regular beds ; but, fays Dr. MaccuUock, 

 " there are no inftances but where the alternating beds of 

 trap detach veins or dykes from the lower to the upper beds ; 

 or the trap, quitting the interval between two given beds of 

 !ime-ftone or fand-flone, makes its way acrofs the one im- 

 mediately above or belovir, and then proceeds with a regu- 

 larity as great between fome other pair of proximate ftra- 

 ta." And he adds, " I have no doubt, could fuch ex- 

 tenfive expofure of the ftrata be oftener procured, all the 

 inftances of fuppofed alternating trap with regular ftratified 

 rocks would prove fimilar to the above." Thefe obferva- 

 tions, which might be confirmed by numerous other in- 

 ftances, tend to prove, that whin-dykes, and many of the 

 interpofed ftrata of whin-ftone, are of poilerior formation 

 to the rocks in which they occur, and have been forced be- 

 tween the ftrata in a fluid ftate, and fubfequently confoli- 

 dated. The whin-dykes, or perpendicular veins, are the 

 channels through which the bafalt flowed up ; but by fuper- 

 incumbent preflure, it has been driven laterally at different 

 elevations. As beds of whin-ftone occur in different rocks, 

 it is probable, and almoft certain, that they have had differ- 

 ent epochs of formation ; and of courfe fome of the beds of 

 whin-ftone, which are covered by ftratified rocks contaiiiing 

 many organic remains, may have flowed as beds of lava 

 under the ocean, and have been again covered with other 

 ftrata, on which again aiecond torrent of lava burfting from 

 below may have flown and formed an upper bed. It is well 

 known that the beds of toad-ftone in Derby fliire, which are 

 interpofed between the mountain lime-ftone of that dif- 

 triti, cut off the metallic veins ; but they are found again on 

 finking through the toad-ftone into the lower lime-ftone. 

 This ftone, which varies from a hard, compaft whin-ftone 

 or trap, to a foft amygdaloidal wacke, (fee 'ToAD-Stone and 

 Wacre, ) is fuppofed, by Mr. Whitehurii, to have flowed 

 between the beds of lime-ftone after the formation of me- 

 talHc veins ; and, could we admit the hypothefis, it would 

 fatisfaftorily explain the caufe of their difappearance in the 

 toad-ftone. But though there are many inftances of the 

 vein entirely difappcaring in the latter rock, there are 

 others in which a narrow vein paffes through the toad-ftone, 

 though it is never produftive of ore, being fijled with calca- 

 reous fpar, and a few particles only of gaUne. The occur- 

 rence of thefe veins in the toad-ftone proves that this rock 

 was not found between the lime-ftone after the formation of 

 metallic veins. Some fofter whin-ftone rocks, of the fpecies 

 called by mineralogifts wacke, (fee Wacke,) contain cavi- 

 ties lined, or partly filled with zeolites, agates, or calcareous 

 fpar ; and fome of thefe rocks envelope marine organic re- 

 mains, particularly a rock of this kind near Berkley in 

 Gloucefterftiire. The Euganean mountains are compofed of 

 a fimilar rock, and alfo contain marine remains. Thefe 

 rocks have probably been formed by muddy eruptions of 

 fubmarine volcanoes, fimilar to what take place from fome 

 of the American volcanoes at tlie prefent time ; and it is not 

 improbable but that thefe two modes of formation may have 

 given rife to that diverfity which we obferve in rocks of this 

 clafs, the fofter and more earthy being the produfts of 

 Vol. XXXVIll. 



W H I 



aqueous and muddy eruptions, and the harder and more 

 cryftalline the produfts of igneous fufion. See Trap, and 

 Volcanic ProduBs. 



WHIP, or Whip-Staff, in a Ship, a piece of timber in 

 form of a ftrong ftaff', faftened into the helm, for the fteerf- 

 man, in fmall fliips, to hold in his hand ; thereby to move 

 the rudder, and direft the ftiip. 



Whip denotes alfo a fort of fmall tackle, formed by the 

 communication of a rope either with a fingle immoveable 

 block, or with two blocks, one of which is fixed, and the 

 other moveable. It is generally ufed to hoift light bodies, 

 as empty cafks. Sec. out of a ftiip's hold, which is accord- 

 ingly called whipping them up. Falconer. 



To ivhip is to tie a piece of pack-thread, fpunyarn, &c. 

 about the end of a rope, to prevent it from being untwifted 

 and unloofened. 



Whip, in Rurd Economy, the lafli attached to flexible 

 rods or other fubftances and contrivances, for the purpofe of 

 driving teams. 



Waip-Grafiing, in Gardening, a particular mode of per- 

 forming the operation. A fort of root-whip-grafling is ad- 

 vifed by Agricola, in which a graft or fcion is taken from a 

 young tree, and a fmall piece of the root of another tree of 

 the fame kind, or like it ; or otherwife, pieces of roots cut 

 off' from other trees in tranfplanting : thefe are whip-grafted 

 together, taking care that the two but ends of the graft 

 and root be united, and that the riiid of the root join that of 

 the graft ; then plant the root with the part of the fcion 

 under-ground. See Grafting, and Stocks, Apph-grafi'mg 

 in, 



V7-Riv-Poor-Will. See Caprimulgus Virginianus. 



Wmp-Rein, in Agriculture, a term ufed to fignify a rein 

 formed of cord or leather, by which a plough or other fort 

 of team is direfted in working. See Rein 



WaiP-Rein-Plough, a term applied to a fmall plough, 

 drawn by two horfes, or oxen, which are guided and di- 

 refted by proper reins of this fort, and fo made as to ferve 

 the ploughman in the way of a whip, in driving them while 

 he holds the plough. 



Wmr'Sa-w. See Whip-SAyr. 



WHIPL ADE, in Hujhandry, a term ufed by the farmers 

 in fome places for a particular fort of cart, whofe hinder 

 part is made up of boards after the manner of a dung-cart, 

 having alfo a head of boards, and fliambles over the thills ; 

 this head being fo as either to be taken out or left in. The 

 cart may be indifferently ufed to carry dung or other 

 things ; dung when the head is in, and corn, &c. when it is 

 taken out. 



WHIPPANY, in Geography, a town of New Jerfey ; 

 20 miles W.N.W. of New York. 

 . WHIPPER. See Fishing. 



WHIPPING, a term ufed by Anglers, when they faften 

 a line to the hook or rod. 



The word is alfo taken for the cafting in of the hook, and 

 drawing it gently on the water. 



Whipping, in Law, denotes an ignominious punifliment 

 infiifted on perfons guilty of petty larceny, &c. 



Whipping Wheat, in Agriculture, a term applied to the 

 praftice in fome of the northern diftrifts, by which the 

 wheat-crops are laftied or whipped out on a wooden or wat- 

 tled frame-work contrived for the purpofe. The former is 

 conftrufted by nailing two or more thick boards in a flanting 

 manner, to the height of about two and a half, or three 

 feet, on a fort of frame of fuitable ftrength, fupported by 

 legs, having the upper part a little rounded, and made fmooth. 

 This, which is termed the whipping or lafliing frame, is 

 3 B placed 



