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and Hell, which were rendered peculiarly impreffive by the 

 fervid eloquence with which he treated the fubjeft, naturally 

 awful and interefting. In 1787 he publifhed his " Mary 

 Queen of Scots vindicated," 3 vols. 8vo., in which he fur- 

 pafled former writers in the zeal with which he vindicated 

 this unfortunate queen, and criminated her enemies, Eliza- 

 beth, Cecil, Morton, and Murray. He alfo prefented to 

 the public the fruit of his learned refearch in " The Courfe 

 of Hannibal over the Alps afcertained," 2 vols. 8vo. 1794; 

 and in 1795 he advanced the higheft monarchical principles 

 in his work, entitled " The real Origin of Government," 

 and alfo his orthodoxy in his " Origin of Arianifm," zea- 

 loufly defending his fentiments in Ijoth thefe refpefts by 

 contributions to the Englifh and Jacobin Reviews, and 

 Britifh Critic. At length a paralytic ftroke warned him 

 of his approaching end, and after a gradual decline he im- 

 perceptibly clofed life at his reftory in O^ftober 1808, at 

 the age of 73, leaving a widow and two daughters. Gen. 

 Biog. 



WHITBREAD, Samuel, an eminent brewer, claims 

 a place in a work devoted to the record and promotion 

 of the arts and fciences, on account of the talents which 

 he difplayed and the character which he maintained in his 

 advaneement from fmall beginnings, to the poflefiion of a 

 fortune, that fet him on a level with forae of the firft no- 

 bility of the country. The family from which he fprung 

 belonged to the clafs of yeomanry, in the county of Bed- 

 ford, which pofTefTed fome fmall property, and affbciated 

 with that defcription of moderate diflenters, who occafionally 

 conformed to the Church of England. Born in the village 

 of Cardington near Bedford, about the year 1720, and edu- 

 cated probably with a view to trade, for which his family 

 defigned him, he was bound apprentice at a fuitable age, for 

 the term of feven years, to an opulent brewer in London ; 

 and after the expiration of that period, he remained for 

 fome time unfetlled, as he was cautious in commencing bufi- 

 nefs on his own account. At length, however, actuated by 

 the laudable ambition of tracing the footfteps of thofe, 

 who, in a fimilar department, had rifen to opulence and 

 rank, he determined to make trial for himfelf, how far in- 

 duftry and aftivity, aided by economy, would avail to his 

 fuccefs. Having difpofed of his own patrimony, which 

 could not have been very confiderable, and deriving affift- 

 ance from perfons of opulence, who were encouraged to re- 

 pofe confidence in him by his known difpofition and habits, 

 he laid the foundation of a fuperllrufture of fortune and 

 reputation, which has had few parallels in the hiftory of 

 commerce. Simple in his manners, he was accuftomed to 

 appear at the corn-market in Mark-lane with a white apron, 

 as the emblem of his occupation ; and liberal in his difpofi- 

 tion, he contrived to fecure the attachment and aftive fer- 

 vices of thofe with whom he was connefted in his domeftic 

 arrangements, and in the condnft of his bufinefs. He well 

 knew that by making thofe whom he employed partakers 

 of his bounty, he gave them a kind of intereft in his pro- 

 fperity ; and'therefore on fettling the annual balance of his 

 accounts, he dillributed amongft: them donations, correfpond- 

 ing to their refpeftive ranks and fervices. Whilft he gave 

 5C0/. to a conlidential clerk, he extended his bounty even 

 to the horfe -feeders, to each of whom he ufually gave 5/. 



Advancing with fure, but rapid progrefs, his brew-houfe 

 in Chifwell-ftreet became a fpacious quadrangle, confiding 

 of an ample dwelling-houfe, work-houfes, lloves, cellars, 

 and every other kind of convenience both for habitation and 

 bufinefs ; while the (lock, the plant, the dray-horfes that 

 would have mounted a regiment of cavalry, the ca(ks, &c. 

 might in procefs of time be eftimated at nearly half a rail- 



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lion of pounds fterling. To this immenfe property, we 

 might add a floating capital amounting to from 8c to 

 1 00,000/. ferving to fupply the demand of malt, hops, oats, 

 &c. as well as the payment of clerks and fervants. Thus 

 by the direftion and fuperintendance of a fingle individual, 

 with the co-operation of a number of coadjutors in various 

 ranks of fubordination, the brew-houfe in Chifwell-ftreet 

 became the tirft eftabhfhment of the kind, not only in Lon- 

 don, but in Europe, depending for its fubfiftence and Angu- 

 lar profperity on the approved quality of the article which 

 it furnifhed. To the founder and principal proprietor, it 

 became a mine of wealth, and an immenfe fource of fupply 

 for purchafes of land and houfes, donations and bequefts, 

 that have given diftinguiibed celebrity to the name of Whit- 

 bread. It is needlefs to recount the various eftates which 

 he purchafed in his native county ; we {hall content our- 

 felves with mentioning merely the Torrington manors and 

 eftates, for which he paid the fum of I20,oco/., befides 

 5000/. as a prefent to alderman Skinner the auftioneer, 

 when the negotiation refpefting it was completed. Of 

 his benefaftions and bequefts to various objefts of public 

 utility and of private charity, it will be fufficient to fay, that 

 they indicated the hberality of his difpofition, and the am- 

 plitude of the means which he derived from his fingular 

 profperity. Mr. Whitbread was twice married; by his firft 

 wife he had feveral children : but his fecond wife, who was 

 daughter of the firft earl, and fifter of the firft marquis 

 CornwaUis, and to whom he was married Auguft 1 2, 

 1769, died December 27, 1770. He was for fome years 

 one of the reprefentatives of the town of Bedford, and 

 afterwards returned for the borough of Steyning. For 

 the aboHtion of the flave-trade, he was a fteady and ardent 

 advocate ; and as fuch he generoufly undertook from his 

 private purfe to make good all injuries that might be fuf- 

 fered by thofe who attended to give their teftimony for this 

 purpofe. With this expreffion of benevolence he clofed a 

 life, during the progrefs of which he had amafled landed 

 and chattel property to an immenfe amount, without any 

 of thofe penurious habits, which have been in many inftances 

 the means of accumulating large fortunes, and of enabling 

 thofe to die rich who have lived meanly and miferably. His 

 death happened June nth, 1796. 



In 1799 his fon, the fubjeft of the next article, erefted 

 a fplendid monument to his father's memory, in the church 

 of Cardington ; which monument was the laft, and has been 

 thought by fome perfons to be the beft work of the late 

 J. Bacon, R.A. The principal figure reprefents a dying 

 man, fupported by religion, in the form of a female, who 

 points to the glory of heaven as a reward for Lis good ac- 

 tions ; while the figure of benevolence, in a rechniiig pof- 

 ture, is weeping at his feet. 



Whitbread, Samuel, a diftinguilhed fenator, was the 

 fon of the preceding by his firft wife, and born in the year 

 1758. Deftined to the inheritance of a large fortune, and 

 poflefling talents which by due cultivation would qualify 

 him for a confpicuous ftation in public life, his father fpared 

 no expence in his education. At a proper age he was fent to 

 Eton, where he alfo enjoyed the benefit of private tuition, 

 and where he commenced an intimate acquaintance with 

 Mr. W. H. Lambton, afterwards M.P. for the cit)^ of 

 Durham, and Mr. now earl Grey, witli whofe family he 

 became connefted by a double alliance. From Eton he 

 removed to Chriftchurch college, Oxford, and from thence 

 to St. John's college, Cambridge, where he finilhed his edu- 

 cation, and was graduated B. A. Mr. Whitbread fenior, fa- 

 gacious in difcerning the early dawnings of his fon's future 

 celebrity, liberally oiTered him all the advantages which might 



be 



