W H I 



jl appears that wliitenefs is certainly a mixture of all co- 

 lours ; and that the light which conveys it to the eye is 

 a mixture of rays endued with all thofe colours. 



The fame author (hews, that whitenefs, if it be mod 

 ' ftrong and luminous, is to be reckoned of the firft order of 

 colours ; but if Icfs, as a mixture of the colours of feveral 

 orders : of the former fort, he reckons white metals ; and of 

 the latter, the whitenefs of froth, paper, linen, and mod 

 other white fubftances. And as the white of the firft order 

 is the ftrongeil that can be made by plates of tranfparent 

 fubftances, fo it ought to be ftronger in the denfer fub- 

 ftances of metals, than in the rarer ones of air, water, and 

 glafs. 



Gold or copper mixed either by fufion or amalgamation 

 with a very little mercury, with filver, tin, or regulus of 

 antimony, become white ; which ftiews, both that the par- 

 ticles of white metals have much more furface, and there- 

 fore are fmaller than thofe of gold or copper ; and alfo, that 

 they are fo opake, as not to fuffer the particles of gold or 

 copper to fliine through them. And as that author doubts 

 not, but that the colours of gold and copper are of the fe- 

 cond or third order, therefore the particles of white metals 

 cannot be much bigger than is requifite to make them 

 refleft the white of the firft order. See Colour, and Co- 

 lours from Metals. 



Hevelius affirms it as a thing moft certain, that, in the 

 northern countries, animals, as hares, foxes, bears, &c. be- 

 come white in the winter time ; and in fummer refurae their 

 natural colours. 



Black bodies are found to take heat fooner than white 

 ones ; by reafon the former abforb or imbibe rays of all 

 kinds and colours, and the latter refleft all. 



Thus, black paper is fooner put into a flame, by a burn- 

 ing glafs, than white ; and hence black cloths, hung up by 

 the dyers in the fun, dry fooner than white ones. See 



Bl-ACK. 



White of the Eye, denotes the firft tunic or coat of 

 the eye, called albuginea and conjundiva, becaufe it ferves 

 to bind together or inclofe the reft. See Adnata, and 

 Eye. 



White y^/if, in Rural Economy, a liquor of the malt kind, 

 which is faid to be prepared fomewhat in the following man- 

 ner. Twenty gallons of malt are ma(hed with the fame 

 quantity of boiling water ; when after ftanding the ufual 

 time, the wort is drawn off, and fix eggs, four pounds of 

 flour, a quarter of a pound of fait, and a quart of grout, are 

 well beaten up together, and mixed with the above quantity 

 of wort, which, after ftanding twelve hours, is put into a 

 cafl<, and is ready for ufe the day afterwards. 



It is obferved by the writer of the Devonftiire Correfted 

 Report on Agriculture, who has fupphed the above account, 

 that this liquor is almoft exclufively confined to the neigh- 

 bourhood of Kingftjridge, in that county ; and that it is a 

 beverage which pofleftes a very intoxicating quality, and 

 which is much admired by thofe who drink not merely to 

 quench thirft. A myftery, it is faid, hangs over the ingre- 

 dient called grout, and the fecret is faid to be confined 

 to one family in the above diftrift only. No difficulty, 

 however, it is fuppofed, could arife in afcertaining its com- 

 ponent parts, by fubmitting a certain portion of it to the 

 left of chemical examination. It is plain, it is faid, that 

 this liquor is of confiderable antiquity, from the terrier of 

 the advowfon of Dodbrook, which exprefsly calls for the 

 tithe of white ale. 



This mild pleafant liquor may eafily be made in other 

 places. 



White Antimony Ore, in Miiteralo^y, /Intimo'me Oxydiy 



W H I 



Hauy, generally occurs diffeminated and cryftallizcd in veins 

 along with other ores of antimony on primitive rocks. See 

 Antimony. 



White Arfenk, and AJlies. See the fubftantives. 



White Bait, in Ichthyology. See Clupea. 



White Ream. See Cuat^gus. 



White 5^ar. See Polar 5car. 



White Brant, the Anas Hyperborea. See DucK. 



White Bug, in Gardening, an infeft of the bug kind, 

 which is often very troublefome and hurtful in v neries, 

 pcach-houfes, and other fuch forts of houfes for fruit- 

 trees. 



It is obferved in the firft volume of the " Memoirs of the 

 Caledonian Horticultural Society," that the caufe of this 

 infeft fo frequently making its appearance in thefe houfes, is 

 muclc owing to the neglecl in not wafhing the trees pro- 

 perly every day with the engine in many cafes. That when 

 a vinery is much overrun with it, in order to its removal, all 

 the old bark fhould be ftript from off the vinep, and all the 

 ftioots and trellis be properly fponged over with black foap 

 and warm water. The writer always makes it a rule, at the 

 time of the winter-pruning, to take off the outer bark, 

 whether infefted with them or not, as thefe bugs lodge be- 

 tween the old and new bark. That in regard to peach- 

 trees, which are infefted in this way with the white bug, 

 they ftiould be fponged all over in the fame manner in the 

 winter feafon ; and if any bugs ftiould appear in the fpring, 

 it is a good way, it is faid, to tie pieces of mat round the 

 ftems and large branches of the trees ; as about thefe parts 

 thefe infefts take flielter from the heat of the fun. Once 

 every day thefe portions of mat fhould be taken off, and 

 thrown away out of the houfes. That foon after forcing is 

 begun, the female of thefe bugs will be obferved to be much 

 larger than the male, at which time (he conftantly goes into 

 fome hollow of the trees or bark, and depofits her ova or 

 eggs moftly in fome thoufands. Thefe are eafily capable 

 of being difcovered, and may be picked out of fuch hollows 

 or crevices by means of a large pin, or fmall piece of 

 fliarpened ftick ; which is an effeAual way of getting quit of 

 them, and of preventing their future increafe. See Wash- 

 ing Fruit-Trees. 



White Campion, in Agriculture, a pernicious perennial 

 weed in corn lands, paftures, and hedges, which is often 

 difficult to deftroy, except by good fummer tillage of the 

 ground. See Weed, and Weeding. 



White Caterpillar, or Borer, in Gardening, a very de- 

 ftruftive fort of infeft of this kind, but which is not fo 

 numerous as thofe of the other kinds, nor does it attack and 

 deftroy the fame parts of goofeberry-bufties, though equally 

 injurious on others. It is of comparatively a fmall fize too, 

 in relation to thofe of the other forts, the black and green, 

 that infeft thefe bufties ; the former of which, the large or 

 black, may be obferved, it is faid in a paper in the Horti- 

 cultural Tranfaflions of Scotland, lying during the winter 

 months in large clufters on the under parts, and in the cre- 

 vices of the bufties of thefe forts ; and that even in the 

 month of February they have been found in that ftate. 

 But that in the courfe of eight or ten days after that, if the 

 weather be favourable, they will creep up the bufhes in the 

 day-time, feed on the yqung buds, and return to their neft 

 during the night. That whenever leaves appear upon the 

 bufties, they feed upon them until they arrive at maturity, 

 which is generally about the month of June ; after which 

 they creep down upon the under fides of the branches, where 

 they lodge until the cruft or ftiell is formed over them. 

 That in July they become moths, and lay their ova or eggs 

 on the under fidcg of the leaves and of the bark. That the 



produce 



