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produce of thefe ova or eggs, which come into life during 

 the month of September, feed on the leaves fo long as they 

 continue green, and afterwards colleft and gather together 

 in cluilers on the under fides of the branches, and in the 

 cracks and openings of the bark, where they abide all the 

 winter, as has been already feen. Confequently that winter 

 is the moft proper time for attacking and deftroying this 

 fort of thefe infefts with fiiccefs, as their deftruftion is then 

 TOoft effeftually and completely accompliftied by merely the 

 fimple operation of fprinkhng and pouring a quantity of 

 boiling hot water over and upon them, from a watering-pan 

 or pot, by which no injury, it is faid, will thereby be done 

 to the buihes or goofeberry fruit-fhrubs, 



That the latter or green fort are in the fhelly ftate in Fe- 

 bruary, when they lie about an inch under the ground. 

 That in the following month they come out fmall flies, and 

 immediately lay their ova or eggs on the veins and under 

 fides of the leaves. That thefe ova or eggs produce young 

 caterpillars in the month of May, which feed on the leaves 

 of the buflies until June or the fucceeding month, when 

 they call off a blackifh kind of flcin, and afterwards crawl 

 down from the buihes into the earth, where a fort of cruft 

 or (hell grows over them, and in that ftate they continue 

 until the following April. 



The only method which this writer has hitherto found 

 effeftual in deftroying this fort of thefe goofeberry -caterpil- 

 lars, is firft to dig the ground all around the bufties very 

 deep during the winter feafon, by which means the greater 

 part of them are either deftroyed, or buried too deep ever 

 to rife to the furface : or, fecondly, in the month of April, 

 when the flies make their appearance, to pick off all the 

 leaves on which any ova or eggs are to be difcovered, which 

 is a tedious operation, but may be performed by children. 

 If any of the infefts fliould efcape both thefe operations, 

 they will, it is faid, be difcernible as foon as they come into 

 life, by their eating holes through the leaves, and may then 

 be eafily deftroyed, without the leaft injury to the buihes or 

 fruit. 



That this white kind bores the berry, and caufes it to drop 

 off from the buih. That they preferve themfelves during 

 the winter feafon in the chryfalis ftate, about an inch under 

 ground, and become flies nearly at the fame time with the 

 latter of the above kinds. That they lay their ova or eggs 

 on the bloflbms, and that thefe eggs produce young cater- 

 pillars in May, which feed on the berries until they are full 

 grown, and then creep down into the earth, where they re- 

 main for the winter in the (hell ftate. 



This fort of thefe caterpillars, too, may be beft deftroyed 

 in the winter feafon, by having the land well and deeply dug 

 all about the goofeberr)' -buihes at that time of the year, and 

 by preventing them from climbing up the ftems of the plants 

 in the early fpring feafon, for the purpofe of laying their 

 eggs, by every poflible means that can be devifed and reforted 

 to by the gardener. 



Thefe are the beft and moft effeftual methods that have 

 yet been difcovered by this writer, for the deftruftion of this 

 and the two other forts of goofeberry-caterpiUars. For 

 though many. other modes of doing it have been tried, none 

 have been found fo certain and complete as thefe ; and tliey 

 have this advantage and confideratiou to recommend them, 

 that they injure neither the bu{h nor the fruit. That the 

 fame thing cannot be faid either of tobacco-liquor, fnuff, or 

 foap-fuds, all which render the fruit conftantly bitter and 

 ill-tafted ; and which, whatever may be the eifeft that they 

 may have upon the fmaller kind of caterpillars, it is certain, 

 the writer thinks, that they have none upon the larger kinds, 

 and that foot, lime, and lime-water, do not affeft. any fort 



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of caterpillar whatever, as the writer has fufficiently proved 

 by repeated experiments with fuch fubftances. 



White Centaury, in Agriculture, an annual weed in woods 

 and other fuch places ; of which animals in general are not 

 fond. It is faid to form the bafis of the famous Portland 

 powder for the gout. See Weed. 

 White Cinnamon. See Cinnamon. 

 White Clover, in Agriculture, a well-known plant of the 

 clover kind, which is perennial, and confequently lafts a 

 number of years in the foil or land. It is faid to require a 

 deep free foil to bring it to any degree of luxuriant growth. 

 Confequently but little of the land in many diftrifts fuits it ; 

 but it is fometimes fovvn with the common clover in about 

 half the quantity. In the Berklhire Report on Agricul- 

 ture, it is ftated, that it is frequently confounded with the 

 Dutch clover, that it affefts a light foil, that it is much im- 

 proved by rolling, and that it yields a very fweet hay when 

 mixed with red clover, rye-grafs, and nonfuch. That 

 (heep are not very fond of it ; and this is, probably, one 

 reafon why it islefs cultivated than it deferves to be. It ap- 

 pears, it is faid, to be the Iri(h (hamrock ; and that the 

 powdered flowers of this clover being made into bread, 

 were eaten by the natives of the fifter ifland before the intro- 

 duftion of potatoes. It may be noticed, too, that it is ca- 

 pable of bearing flooding, which the red clover is not, and 

 this is a very great advantage in its favour. 



It is remarked alfo, that the real Dutch clover is not un- J 

 frequently fown with other grades, in a larger or fmaller pro- 

 portion, as the farmer may think proper. That in fome 

 places of the above county it is the common praftice to fow 

 of broad clover eight pounds, yellow trefoil, or hop clover, 

 four pounds, and of Dutch or white clover, two pounds, 

 to the acre. If it be fown alone, about eight or nine 

 pounds will be fufBcient. It is getting into high eftimation 

 in the neighbourhood of Bray, in the above diftrift, and in 

 other places, and is fometimes called honey -fuckle grafs, 

 from the fweetnefs of its fmell. That to all forts of cattle 

 it forms an agreeable pafture, and efpecially to (heep, which 

 thrive on it prodigioufly. Even fwine will fatten on this 

 grafs, the feed of which was imported from Flanders for 

 fome time after it began to be cultivated in this country, 

 though it appears to be an indigenous plant. It has the ex- 

 cellent property of never wearing out by being clofe fed. 

 See Trifolium Repens, and Hybridum. Alfo Clovek. 



White clover is laid, in the Gloucellcr(hire Agricultural 

 Report, to be injurious to cow-ftock, by having them when 

 in abundance after rain in paftures. 



White Colours, in Painting, comprehend the following ; 

 viz. YhAKK-lVhite, /Ftoc-LEAD or Cerusse, calcined or 

 burnt Narts-HoRii, the perfeftion of which depends upon 

 its whitenefs and lirmnefs, diftinguiihable both by fight and 

 touch, T^AEL-lV/jite, Tv.0Y-JVhitf, and 'EcG-Shell White. 

 ( See the feveral articles. ) The moft delicate and perfeft 

 white in ufe, in its application to the purpofes of painting 

 in water-colours, is the artificial fulphate of barytes. Ac- 

 cording to Mr. Parkes (Eflf. vol. ii. ), it was firft recom- 

 mended and brought forward by Mr. Hume, of Long- 

 Acre, who has long fupplied the pubhc with it under the 

 name of " Permanent White." The fame ingenious prac- 

 tical chemift fays, that he knows of nothing fo well calcu- 

 lated as this for marking bottles in a chemical laboratory, 

 where the gafes foon deftroy the ink of common labels, and 

 render them illegible. It is equally ufeful for marking jars, 

 bottles, or boxes, wliich muft be kept in a damp cellar, 

 for it is not only imperilhable in fuch fituations, but pre- 

 ferves its extreme whitenefs, and confequently the diftinft- 

 nefs of the charafters. We learn alfo from fir Humphrey 

 II Davy's 



