W H I 



formed in the Welfh language, and one of Welfh Inde- 

 pendents, befides fome fmaller houfes dedicated to the 

 fame purpofe. Here are three grammar -fchools, one in 

 each village, and many common fchools. It has alfo a cot- 

 ton manufa£\ory. This town has been gradually enlarged 

 and embellilhed. Its population, by the cenfusof 1810, is 

 4912, with 533 fenatorial eleftors. 



WHITEWATER, a townfliip of Ohio, in Henieton 

 county, with 910 inhabitants. — Alfo, a river of Scotland, 

 which runs into the Eflc, in the county of Forfar. 



WHITGIFT, John, in Biography, an Englifh prelate, 

 was born at Great Grimfby, Lincolnfhire, in 1530, and in 

 1548 entered at Queen's college, Cambridge, from which 

 he removed to Pembroke-hall, where he enjoyed the tui- 

 tion of John Bradford, afterwards one of the Proteftant 

 martyrs. In 1555 he became a fellow of Peter-houfe, and 

 in 1557 commenced M.A. Upon the vifitation of the uni- 

 verfity by cardinal Pole, about this time, for the purpofe of 

 purging it of reputed heretics, Whitgift dreaded the fearch ; 

 but by favour of the vice-chancellor efcaped, and remained 

 in the univerfity. Upon the acceflion of queen Elizabeth, 

 he entered into orders in 1560, and obtained preferment 

 from Dr. Cox, bilhop of Ely. In 1563 he was appointed 

 Margaret profeflbr of divinity, and chaplain to the queen in 

 1565. Continuing in the univerfity, and maintaining the 

 chara&er of a good preacher and vigorous difciplinarian, 

 [lis falary as profeflbr was advanced, and a licence was granted 

 him 10 preach in any part of the realm. In 1567 he was 

 made mafter of Pembroke-hall, and foon after regius pro- 

 feflbr of divinity. He next became mafter of Trinity 

 college, and graduated D.D. ; and on his appointment to 

 keep the commencement-aft, he chofe for his thefis " The 

 Pope is the Antichrift." In 1570 he formed a body of 

 ftatutes for the univerfity ; in confequence of which the 

 heads of houfes gained new powers, by the exercife of which 

 Sie deprived Cartwright, an eminent Calviniflic divine, of his 

 Margaiet profeflbrfhip. In 1571 he was vice-chancellor of 

 the univerfity, in the exercife of which office he manifefted 

 fo much zeal for the eftablilhed church, that the queen con- 

 ferred upon him the deanery of Lincoln, befides other dig- 

 nities and honours. He alfo expelled Cartwright from his 

 Fellowfhip, and carried on a controverfy with that divine and 

 ither Puritans in general. In 1 577 he was advanced to the fee 

 of Worcefter, and the office of vice-pre(ident of the council for 

 the marches of Wales. Upon his advancement to the prelacy, 

 he refigned his mafterftiip of Trinity college, and devoted 

 himfelf to the duties of his new office, taking care to improve 

 its revenues ; and in the exercife of a power, which he ob- 

 tained from the crown by the intereft of lord Burleigh, to 

 beftow the prebends of his church on his own friends ac- 

 cording to his own feleftion. His zeal, however, againft 

 popiffi recufants, which was thus recompenfed, and which 

 he exercifed without due difcrimination in the execution of 

 his office as vice-prefident of Wales, involved him in dif- 

 putes with the other judges, and offended the prefident, fir 

 Henry Sydney, fo that on his return from Ireland, where 

 he was lord-deputy, he difcharged Whitgift from his poft. 

 As he occupied new fl;ations, his reputation as a man of 

 bufioefs increafed ; and in 1582 he was nominated by the 

 archbiftiop of Canterbury, Grindal, chief commiffioner for 

 fettling difputes in the diocefes of Lichfield and of Here- 

 ford. Grindal's remiflhefs in executing the laws againft the 

 non-conforming clergy difpleafed the queen, and caufed her 

 to fufpendhim from his funftioiis; and on his death in 1583, 

 Whitgift, who had fecured her favour by his zeal for the 

 church and- hollility to the Puritans, was appointed to fuc- 

 ceed him. He did not difappoiut her expedations ; but 

 Vol. XXXVIIL 



W H I 



engaged her to ijii^ a new ecclefiaftical commiffion, more 

 arbitrary and pofl^ffing more extenfive authority than any 

 former one. Its jurifdidion extended over the w-hole kin?- 

 dom, and comprehended all orders of men ; and as Hume de- 

 fcnbes it, " every circumftance of its authority, and all its 

 methods of proceeding, were contrary to the cleareft prin- 

 ciples of law and natural equity." «« In a word," fays he 

 " this court was a real inqmfttion, attended with all the ini- 

 quities, as well as cruelties, infeparable from that tribunal." 

 The meafures of Whitgift were in unifon with the conftitu- 

 tion and fpirit of this commiffion ; and the council itfelf in- 

 terpofed to moderate them. In reply to the remonftrance 

 of the council in favour of fome minifters of Ely, who had 

 been fufpended for refufing to anfwer interrogatories, he 

 faid, '< Rather than grant them liberty to preach, he would 

 choofe to die, or live in prifon all the days of his life." To 

 the queen he recommended " fuppreffing" the difcipline pro- 

 pofed by the Puritans, "rather than confuting it by writing ;" 

 and he advifed that a reftraint fhould be laid upon the liberty 

 of the prefs at Cambridge. It is no wonder that by fuch 

 condudt he fhould become the objeft of great averfion to 

 the puritanical party. Accordingly he was very acrimoni- 

 oully attacked in a pamphlet, entitled " Martyn Marpre- 

 late," in which he was compared to the moft ambitious and 

 tyrannical churchmen of former times. Whitgift, however, 

 blended with the violence of his temper fome degree of 

 kindnefs and good humour. This was manifefted in his 

 conduft towards Cartwright. In his charities he was mu- 

 nificent, and in his mode of living hofpitable, as well as 

 fplendid and oftentatious. In 1595 he laid the foundation 

 of a hofpital at Croydon, on which very large fums were 

 expended. He maintained feveral ftudents at the univerfity, 

 and entertained for many years at his palace feveral refugee 

 divines, that had been recommended to him by Beza and 

 others. His houfe, it is faid, was as much an academy for 

 martial exercifes as a fchool for letters. " On his progrefles 

 he was attended by a numerous and fplendid train ; and at 

 his firft journey into Kent he rode into Dover with one hun- 

 dred of his own fervants in livery, of whom forty were 

 gentlemen wearing gold chains. On feftival days he was 

 ferved with great folemnity, fometimes on the knee ; and 

 public worfhip in his chapels was performed with every cir- 

 cumftance of religious pomp. This external grandeur ex- 

 alted the church of England in the eyes of foreigners, who 

 had been led to imagine that the Reformation in this country 

 had degraded the ecclefiaftical eftabhftiment as much as it 

 had done in fome others." 



Upon the acceffion of king James, Whitgift felt fome 

 alarm under the apprehenfion of fome changes in the li- 

 turgy ; and it has been fuppofed-that his agitated ftate of 

 mind concurred with the debility of age, and the operation of 

 fome other caufes, in producing the paralytic attack which 

 terminated his hfe in February 1603-4. A monument was 

 erefted to his memory at Croydon, where he was interred. 

 Whitgift was neither a man of learning, the Latin language 

 bounding his claffical literature, nor a profound theologian. 

 He was principally diftinguifhed by his vigour and aftivity 

 as a man of bufinefs. As a preacher he was popular ; and 

 this talent in which he excelled laid the foundation of his 

 advancement. Biog. Brit. Hume's Hift. Gen. Biog. 



WHITING, in Ichthyology, the Enghfh name of a com- 

 mon fifh of the afellus kind, commonly diftinguiflied by the 

 writers in ichthyology by the name of afellus mollis, though 

 by fome called afellus albus and merlangus. 



The whiting, or gadus merlangus of Linnaeus, is a fifh 



of an elegant form ; the upper jaw is the longeft ; the eyes 



are large, the nofe (harp, and the teeth of the upper jaw 



3 G long, 



