WHOLE-MOULDING. 



breadth upward, which is the heads of all the timbers ; and 

 then the crofling of the lower futtock-mould is fini(hed. 



To crofs the rlfing Square When the boat is whole- 

 moulded, the floors and lower futtocks are generally moulded 

 by the ufe of the rifing-fquare ; which is fo called, becaufe 

 when the fquare is properly placed to mould any timber, one 

 fide of the fquare correfponds with the rifing of that tim- 

 ber. When the timbers are moulded by the outfide of the 

 mould, and the heels by the rifing-fquare, ( which gives the 

 upper edge of the rabbet of the keel, or bearding-hne, ) 

 then there is a batton, called a cutting-down batton, with 

 the heights of all the floors, from the upper edge of the 

 rabbet of the keel to the cutting-down hne ; which gives 

 the cutting-down or infide ot all the floors. 



To make the rifing-fquare, let one fide of the fquare be 

 of fufficient breadth to receive the rifing and the cutting- 

 down, as may be feen by the fquare E. 



When moulding the floors, or lower futtocks, the lower 

 fide of the mould is the rifing of the timber ; and confe- 

 quently the edge of the fquare, which is to be applied to the 

 under fide of the mould, is alfo the fame. 



Then to mark or crofs the fquare, take the diflanee 

 I from the rifing-line in Jig. i . to the upper edge of the 

 1 rabbet of the keel, or bearding-line, at each timber ; and 

 '. fet them off from that edge of tlie fquare which is to 

 , be applied to the mould, on the other edge of the fquare, 

 i and clofe to the edge, drawing a margin to put the 

 I letters or figures under them. Then take the diftance in 

 Jig. 1. from the rifing-line to the cutting-down line, at the 

 ' timbers, where the cutting-down is below the rifing, and 

 : fet them off from the edge of the fquare that is to be ap- 

 plied to the mould on the other edge of the fquare, but 

 1 within the rifings, as may be feen on the fquare. The other 

 I timbers, from 3 to B, where the cutting-down is above the 

 ' rifing, may be marked on the moulds. 



From the edge of the fquare where the rifings are placed, 



fet off on the other edge of tlie fquare the half-thicknefs of 



' the keel, which call the middle-line ; and then the fquare is 



ready for moulding. 

 I To mould the Floors. — The befl way for moulding the 

 , floors for a whole-moulded boat, is to make two moulds, 

 \ agreeable to the former direftions, made and croffed both 

 ' alike, but the fides reverfed. Then lay one on the other, 

 i the fame as ™Jig. 4, keeping the lower edges in a llraight 

 line, and mooring them till the correfponding middle-lines 

 , on the moulds agree. The moulds mjig. 4. are fixed at 9, 

 ' but the middle-lines on the lower mould cannot be feen ; 

 . therefore, before the moulds are put together, it is bell to 

 mark (in chalk) on the edges of the mould the middle- 

 ' lines of the timber. When the moulds are placed, fix the 

 ' middle-line, marked on the edge of the fquare, to the mid- 

 dle-line on the mould of the timber, and the other edge of 

 I the fquare will reprefent the fide of the keel. 

 J Then apply a llraight batton to the rifing of 9, on the edge 

 of the fquare, and alfo to the outfide of the floor-mould. 

 This will give the moulding of the outfide of the floors, 

 except timber 9, which is fomewhat hollow. Then fquare 

 the cutting-down for 9, acrofs to the edge of the fquare, 

 and draw a flraight line to touch the infide of the 

 I mould. 



I In the fame manner mould the other arm of the floor, by 

 canting the fquare. But the rifing and cutting-down (hould 

 be marked on both fides. 



Before the moulds are moved, mark the heads and fir- 

 marks, if any, as a guide to fix the lower futtock when put 

 in its place, if it ftiould not run down to the fide of the 

 keel. 



To mould the lower Futtocks — The lower futtock-mould is 

 Jig. 5, which is made in the fame manner as the floor- 

 mould, but continued as high as the top of the (heer. The 

 upper part being ftraight and perpendicular, and the mould 

 made to the fcantling, there is no difference between mould- 

 ing one fide of the floors and moulding the lower futtocks. 



The fame method of fixing the fquare for the moulding of 

 the floors will ferve to mould the lower futtocks, as on the 

 fquare in the plate, where the middle-line on the fquare is 

 put to the middle-line on the lower futtock-mould for G. A 

 ft^raight batton applied to the rifing for G, on the fquare, 

 and to the back of the lower futtock-mould, gives the 

 moulding of the outfide of the lower futtock ; and the 

 cutting-down for G on the fquare brought to the edge of 

 the fquare, a ftraight batton from thence to the infide of 

 the mould will alfo be the infide of the lower futtock. 



Mark the firmark, or floor-head, in the fame manner as 

 the floors, in order to place the lower futtock to its proper 

 height at the fide of the floors, in cafe they fliould not be 

 required to run down to the fide of the keel. 



Likewife mark the main-breadth, and the head for G, be- 

 fore the mould is moved. 



That there is no diflference between the floors and the 

 lower futtocks in ufing the rifing-fquare, may be feen 

 more clearly in Jig. 4, where the floor-mould is continued 

 up to the top of the fide, which makes the lower futtock- 

 mould ; fo that the form of the lower futtock is feen, as 

 well as the floor. 



The two floor-moulds may be made to ferve for all the 

 floors, by putting the fore-body on one fide of the mould, 

 and the after-body on the other ; but obferve to crofs one 

 mould oppofite to the other, fo that when it is canted 

 over, it fhall then be proper to mould with. 



Two rifing-fquares are fometimes ufed ; one for the fore- 

 body, and the other for the after-body ; becaufe the fquares 

 muft be croffed alike on both fides, to mould the arms of the 

 floors, and likewife to mould the lower futtock for both 

 fides of the boat. Or, inftead of this, the fore-body may 

 be put on one fide of the fquare, and the after-body on 

 the other. When the fquare is wanted on the oppofite fide, 

 chalk on the edge of the fquare the rifing and the cutting- 

 down for the timber to be moulded, and then cant the 

 fquare. 



Two lower futtock-moulds may alfo be made, or crofs the 

 fore-body on one fide of the mould, and the after-body on 

 the other. In order to mould a timber for that fide of the 

 fhip where the firmarks are at the under fide of the mould, 

 chalk the firmarks for the timber wanted on the edge of the 

 mould ; or make two margins on the edge of the mould, re- 

 ferving one for the fore-body, and the other for the after- 

 body, and reverfed on the oppofite fide. 



The lower futtocks for boats generally run about halfway 

 between the floor-head and the fide of the keel ; but if it 

 were a hoy, or fmall vcfTel that was whole-moulded, the 

 lower futtocks might then be required to run to the fide of 

 the keel, or dead-wood ; wherefore, it is proper to fhew 

 the moulding of them down to the fide of the keel. 



Various arc the methods ufed by different artificers 

 in moulding the lower futtocks ; and it is evident that 

 the method which has been praftifed moil will appear the 

 beft. 



Some will make no ufe of the fquare, but mark the heels 

 of the lower futtocks on the mould, and provide a batton, 

 marked the fame as the fquare ; the lower end ot the batton 

 being long enough to mould the outfide of the foremofl and 

 aftcrmoft timbers ; and the upper end ot the batton being 

 long enough to mould the infide of tlie midfhip-timber. 



Mark 



