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WILLOBOCKE, a river of York(hire, which runs 

 into the Swale. 



WILLONGTALYS, a lake of Vermont. N. lat. 

 44° 45'. W. long. 71° 58'. 



WILLOUGHBY, a town of England, in the county 

 of Warwick, luuactti on a navigable canal, on the borders 

 of NorthamptfMifhire ; 14 miles S.E. of Coventry. 



WiLLOUGHBY Bay, 3 bay on the foutheaft coaft of the 

 ifland of Antigua. N. lat. 17° 10'. W. long. 61° 25'. 

 WiLLOUGHBY Lake, a lake of the ftate of Vermont. 

 WILLOW, &c., in Botany. See Salix. 

 Our common willows in the fpring feafon, when they are 

 in flower, produce a quantity of cottony matter, which 

 might be put to fome ufe. 



The Chinefe are induftrious enough to coUeft this cotton 

 as it falls from their willows ; and the women and children, 

 among the poorer people, card it, and pick out the feeds, 

 and render it fit for many ufes in the place of cotton. 



The poor people, in fome part of the Indies, make a fort 

 of liquor of the flowers of their willow= before they are 

 opened, which intoxicates them very fuddenly ; and the 

 dry huflfs of the fame tree remaining after the flowers and 

 feeds are fallen, are wholefome as food, people in time of 

 famine having lived upon them, boiled in water. 



The wood of the willow, though in itlelf very light and 

 fpongy, is yet of a nature to bear the injuri s of wet better 

 than alinoft any other kind. It is uled by the Chinefe on 

 this occafion, in the making of their wel!s, and on all other 

 occafions where wood is to ftand under water, and fucceeds 

 perfeftly well. Obferv. fur les Coutumes de I'Afie. For 

 the ufes to which willow-bark and wood are applied, fee 

 Salix, and Gunpowder. 



Willow, in Agriculture, a well-known tree, of which 

 there ar.; feveral different fpecies or kinds ; but thofe moftly 

 cultivated for farm purpofes are, the common white willow, 

 the purple or red willow, the fallow, and the broad-leaved 

 or Huntingdon willow. 



The firft is a ta'l-gro.ving tree, of the deciduous kind. 

 It has a fine filvery appearance in the leaves ; is quick of 

 growth, and the wood is very uleful where light ncfs and 

 cleannefs of the grain is beneficial, as fur hurdles, gates, 

 hop-poles, &c. 



The fecond is a free-fhooting willow ; but its wood is in- 

 ferior for many ufes, efpeciallv thofe of the farmer. 



The third fort delights in a rather dry foil, being a tree 

 below the middle growth. It has numerous br.mches, of 

 a fmooth appearance, and dark green colour. Its wood 

 is very ufeful for hurdles and other fimilar purpofes of the 

 farmer. 



It has two varieties, the long-leaved, and the ftriped fal- 

 low, both which are very ufefi.l. 



The fourth fort, or red-hearted willow, is fuppofed by 

 fome as the beil fort for planting, for the ufe of the farmer, 

 as growing quickly ; but the great ufe to which they are ap- 

 plied is that of making hurdles, ftakes, gates, and farming 

 implements, being a wood uncommonly tough and light, ow- 

 ing, as is conceived, to a new method ufed in planting them 

 clofe to the ground. If it is the defign of the planter to 

 let them grow into timber, (which would be far fiiperior to 

 deal for the purpofe of flooring, or other light work, par- 

 ticularly as It will neither fplinter nor fire ; and if fuffered 

 to remain for twenty or twenty-five vears, would make 

 good mails for fmall craft, as they flioot up perfectly 

 ftraight, and without any collateral branches,) it is neceflary, 

 at the firft or fecond year's growth, to obferve which pole 

 is the ftrongeft, as the remaining poles muft be cut away. 

 3n about fifteen years' time it is fuppofed they will want 



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thinning ; of courfe the inferior muft be taken out and the 

 fuperior be fuffered to remain. 



In cultivating them on wafte moift lands, laying out the 

 ground into lands, like hop-lands, as from three to four 

 yards wide, with a ditch on each fide ; three feet wide at 

 the top, one foot at the bottom, and two and a half deep, 

 is advifed by a late writer as the beil mode from much ex- 

 perience. The earth that comes out of the ditch fhould be 

 thrown on the land. But if there is not fully fufficient fall 

 for the water to get off, the ditch fliould be deeper and 

 wider, till there is near a yard of earth above the level of 

 the water. As foon as this is done, the ground muft be 

 double dug, that is, trenched two fpades' depth, except it 

 be very boggy, which will aff"ord room for the plants to 

 Ihoot, and will fave the expence of weeding, which other- 

 wife muft be incurred in the firll fummer after the plants 

 are fet ; for if they are not kept clear of weeds the firft year, , 

 the hopes of the planter will certainly be deftroyed. 



In refpeft to the times of planting, they muft be from 

 .January to the end of March ; but the ftts for that purpofe 

 fhould be cut from December to the end of February, when 

 the fap is down. And the reafon is, that if poles are cut- 

 in the fpring (the fap being up), the llool will at leaft be 

 weakened by bleeding, if not killed ; and of courfe pre- 

 vented troin fliooting fo vigoroufly as if cut at the preceding 

 time. 



In regard to the fets or truncheons, they may be cut 

 from twenty inches to two feet long ; particular care fhould 

 be taken in the cutting, that the bark be not fridged or 

 bruifed, or in any other refpeft injured ; for in that cafe the 

 plant will be weak and puny. 



The poles have bfen fold at eight years' growth for 214/. 

 per acre, net-money ; the kids or bruftiwood pay for the 

 felling. Had they been fuffered to have flood two years 

 longer, they would, it is faid, have produced 30c/. per acre. 



The plantation of the baflcet and cooper's willow is an 

 objedl of importance in thofe wafte and negletted corners 

 which are to be found upon everv eftate and farm. 



The refufe dwarf willow^ or offal, as it is termed, are 

 ufed in the fifheries and ballcct-work, and will pay, commu- 

 nilus annls, for the labour. The cooper's-willovv differs 

 from the common or baflcct-willow ; the former is known 

 by a fingle bud or eye throughout the rod, wliich fimply 

 throws out a leaf ; the latter by a double or flattened eye, 

 which produces a branch or fprig. The former is applica- 

 ble to every purpofe ; the latter the cooper rejedls : of 

 courfe the former fhould be propagated. 



Plantations of the willow kind have been vaftly in- 

 creafed, indeed, in many parts of the country within thefe 

 few years. 



WiLLOW-Galls, in Natural Hi/lory, the name given by 

 authors to certain protuberances found very frequently on 

 the leaves of the feveral Ipecies of willow, which are pro- 

 perly galls, each containing the worm of a fly, and owing 

 its exillence to that infedl. 



The galls are ufuaily of a roundifh or oblong figure, and 

 are equally protuberant on each fide of the leaf: they are 

 of a pale green at firft ; but they afterwards become yel- 

 lowifh, and finally reddilli. The fiirface of thefe is feldom 

 perfedlly even, but ufnally has feveral little prominences and 

 cavities in it. When this gall is opened, there is found in 

 it a worm refembling a caterpillar in figure, having a fmooth 

 annulated body, a hard brown head, and twenty legs ; and 

 by Reaumur called falfe or baftard caterpillar. Ttiis crea- 

 ture, when the gall is young, is blue ; it afterwards becomes 

 greenifh ; and finally, when the gall becomes red, it is white. 

 This infed feems to eat in its prifon more voragioufly than 



any 



