W I N 



paffing through a hole within the tube at A A ; then 

 having obferved to what degree different forces or given 

 weights are capable .of compreffing the fpiral, mark 

 divifions on the rod in fuch a manner, that the mark 

 at S may indicate the weight requifite to force the fpring 

 into the fituation C D ; afterwards join at right angles to 

 this rod at F, a plane furface E F E of a given area, either 

 greater or lefs, at pleafure ; then let this inftrument be op- 

 pofed to the wind, fo that it may ilrike the furface in the 

 direftions V E, V E, parallel to that of the rod, and the 

 mark at S will (liew the weight to which the force of the 

 wind is equivalent. 



The ingenious profeiTor Leflie ( Enquiry into the Nature 

 and Propagation of Heat) having found, in the courfe of 

 his experiments on heat, that the refrigerant, or cooling 

 power of a current of air, is exaftly proportional to its ve- 

 locity, derives from this principle the conllruftion of a new 

 and fimple anemometer. " It is in reality nothing more," 

 fays he, " than a thermometer, only with its bulb larger 

 than ufual. Holding it in the open ftill air, the temperature 

 is marked : it is then warmed by the application of the 

 hand, and the time is noted which it takes to fink back to 

 the middle point. This I (hall term the fundamental mea- 

 fure of cooling. The fame obfervation is made on expofing 

 the bulb to the imprefTion of the wind, and I fhall call the 

 time required for the bifeftion of the interval of tempera- 

 tures, the occalional meafure of coohng. After thefe pre- 

 liminaries, we have the following eafy rule : Divide the 

 fundamental by the occafional meafure of cooling, and the 

 excefs of the quotient above unit, being multiplied by 4^, 

 will exprefs the velocity of the wind in miles per hour. 

 The bulb of the thermometer ought to be more than half 

 an inch in diameter, and may, for the fake of portability, 

 be filled with alcohol, tinged, as ufual, with archil. To 

 fimplify the obfervation, a Hiding fcale of equal parts may 

 be applied to the tube. When the bulb has acquired the 

 due temperature, the zero of the Aide is fet oppofite to the 

 limit of the coloured liquor in the Hem ; and after having 

 been heated, it again (lands at 20° in its defcent, the time 

 which it thence takes until it finks to 10° is meafured by a 

 ftop-watch. Extemporaneous calculation may be avoided, 

 by having a table engraved upon the fcale for the feries of 

 occafional intervals of cooling." 



WiND-Grt//, a difeafe in horfes and fome other animals. 

 It is a puffy kind of fwelling or tumour, which yields to 

 the preffure of the finger, but upon removing the preffure 

 recovers iti'elf, and puihes out as before. Thefe fwellings 

 have been thus named from a falfe notion of their contain- 

 ing nothing but air or wind. Thefe tumours are often 

 feated on both fides of the back-finew of a horfe, above 

 the fetlock on the fore-legs, but moll frequently on the 

 hind-legs. They are quite loofe and detached from the 

 parts on which they grow, and exhibit the fame figns where- 

 ever they are met with, whether in the hocks or about the 

 knees ; for thefe fwellings are not confined to the lower 

 limbs only, but appear in any of thofe parts of a horfe's 

 body where the cellular membrane can be eafily feparated ; 

 and they exift, for the moll part, without occafioning any 

 pain. They are ufually caufed by riding on very hard 

 roads, or on dry hilly grounds. Sometimes traveUing 

 horfes, when they are worked too young, before the limbs 

 are grown firm and vigorous, will have them. And Gibfon 

 obferves, that they fometimes proceed from conftitutional 

 weaknefs, efpecially in bulky horfes, that are fomewhat 

 under-Umbed and flefhy about the fetlock-joint. Thefe, it 

 js laid, have been known to have wind-galls without any 

 iirain, hard riding, or other ill ufage of any kind. 



WIN 



It has been obferved too, that when thefe tumours appear 

 upon the hind-legs they never caufe lamenefs, though fuch 

 horfes are often ftiff behind after riding. When on the 

 fore-legs they always make a horfe go lame at firft ; but 

 afterwards that tcndernefs goes off in a great meafure, and 

 they feldom go lame, but iliff, and inclinable to ftumble. 

 They generally recover, however, with a day's reft. Thofe 

 flatulent fweUings indeed that come in the ligaments of the 

 hocks are always troublefome, disfigure the animal, and, 

 unlefs fpeedily affiiled, will caufe incurable lamenefs. At 

 firft they are but fmall, but in time they grow to the fize of 

 a pullet's egg, perhaps, and pufh out on each fide of the 

 hollow of the hock. Swellings of the fame kind alfo ap- 

 pear before the knee, where they often precede a difeafed 

 joint. Very fmall fimilar fwellings under the fore part of 

 the knee, in the interftices of both fides of the joint, are 

 alfo dangerous ; but thefe feldom happen, and are ufually 

 caufed by fome violent ftrain, efpecially when a horfe falls 

 down upon a defcent with his whole weight upon his knees. 

 The other flatulent fwellings which horfes are fubjeft to 

 feldom caufe lamenefs, but are, for the moil part, eafily 

 cured. We mean thofe that arife in the interftices of the 

 large mufcles of the hips and thighs, which are diftended 

 like little bladders filled with air. Thefe come by llrains 

 and over-exertion ; for draught-horfes are the moft fubjeft 

 to them. 



Wind-galls that proceed from mere weaknefs are feldom 

 curable, unlefs the conftitution can be improved ; but we 

 often fee horfes that were fubjeft to wind-galls when young, 

 get the better of them as they advance in age. The me- 

 thods of cure in thefe cafes is by means of bhllering, firing, 

 and the ufe of aftringent applications. 



As thefe are enlargements of the capfules, or lurfa mucof<t, 

 fituated between the tendons, that contain an oily lubricat- 

 ing fluid for the prevention of frittion and to facilitate mo- 

 tion, arifing from long exertion producing inflammation of 

 them, and an increafed fecretion of the contained fluid, 

 they are capable of being eafily removed in their beginning 

 ftates, by reft and the ufe of blitters to the parts compofed 

 of cantharides and corrofive fublimate with olive oil ; after- 

 wards turning the animals out to grafs or the ftraw-yard. 

 Or where this cannot be permitted, the parts may be ftrength- 

 ened by the ufe of a flannel roller, made and continued wet 

 by a wafti compofed of equal parts of ftrong vinegar and 

 Goulard water, or the latter alone in fome cafes. If, how- 

 ever, the difeafe may have been neglefted, recourfe muft be 

 had to the hot iron ; after which the bliftering Ihould be 

 pradlifed as before advifed. 



WiND-Gun. See Air-Gu«. 



WiKTi-Hatch, in Mining, a term ufed to exprefs the place 

 at which the ore is taken out of the mines. 



The word hatch is the general term ufed by the miners 

 to exprefs an opening from the furface into the mine, or in 

 the attempting to find a mine. 



Thus the word ejfay-hatches fignifies the openings made 

 in fearch of the trains of fhoad-ftones ; and the tin-hatch in 

 Cornwall is the name of the opening by which they defcend 

 into a tin-mine. 



The word 'wind-hatch feems to be a corruption of luinder- 

 hatch ; for at thcle places they have a winder conveying 

 two buckets, the one conftantly up, the other conftantly 

 down ; the man below fills the bucket that delcends ; and 

 when that which afcends full is emptied at the mouth of 

 the hatch, the perfon who lias the care of that part of the 

 work, delivers it empty to go down again. Phil. Tranf. 

 N° 69. 



'WmO'Hover, in Ornithology, the name of a fpecies of 



hawk, 



