WIN 



a plan of the horizontal mill erefted at Margate by captain 

 Hooper. H H are the fide walls of an oftagonal building 

 which contains the machinery. Thefe walls are furmounted 

 by a ftrong timber-framing G G, of the fame form as the 

 building, and conneftcd at top by crofs-framiiig to fupport 

 the roof, and alfo the upper pivot of the main vertical fhaft 

 A A, which lias three fets of arms, B B, C C, and D D, 

 framed upon it at that part which rifes above the height of 

 the walls. The arms are ilrengthened and fupported by 

 diagonal braces, and their extremities are bolted to ofta- 

 gonal wooden frames, round which the vanes or floats E E 

 are fixed, as feen in outline in^^g-. 2, fo as to form a large 

 wheel refembhng a water-wheel, which is lefs than the fize 

 of the houfe by about eighteen inches all round. This 

 fpace is occupied by a number of vertical boards or blinds 

 F F, turning on pivots at top and bottom, and placed 

 oblique, fo as to overlap each other, and completely (hut 

 out the wind, and Hop the mill, by forming a clofe cafe 

 furrounding the wheel ; but they can be moved all together 

 upon their pivots to allow the wind to blow in the direc- 

 tion of a tangent upon the vanes on one fide of the wheel, at 

 the time the other lide is completely fliaded or defended by 

 the boarding. The pofition of the blinds is clearly ftiewn at 

 F F,^^. 2. At the lower end of the vertical ihaft A A, a 

 large fpur-wheel aa is fixed, which gives motion to a 

 pinion c, upon a fmall vertical axis d, whofe upper pivot 

 turns in a bearing bolted to a girder of the floor N. 

 Above the pinion c, a fpur-wheel e is placed, to give motion 

 to two fmall pinions f, on the upper ends of the fpindles g 

 of the mill-ilones h. Another pinion is fituated, at the op- 

 pofite fide of the great fpur-wheel a a, to give motion to a 

 third pair of mill-ilones, which areufeJ when the wind is very 

 ftrong ; and then the wheel turns fo quick, as not to need 

 the extra wheel e to give the requifite velocity to the ilones. 

 The weight of the main vertical Ihaft is borne by a itrong 

 timber b, having a brafs box placed on it to receive the 

 lower pivot of the fhaft. It is fupported at its ends by 

 crofs-beams mortiied into the upright polls l/b, as fliewn in 

 the plan,^^. 2. A floor, or roof, I I, is thrown acrofs the 

 top of the briclc building, to proteft the machinery from 

 the weather ; and to prevent the rain blowing down the 

 opening through which the fhaft defcends, a broad cir- 

 cular hoop K IS fixed to the floor, and is furrounded by 

 another hoop or cafe L, which is fixed to the arms D D of 

 the wheel. This laft is of fiich a fize, as exaftly to go 

 over the hoop K, without touching it when the wheel turns 

 round. By this means, the rain is completely excluded 

 from the upper room M, which ferves as a granary, 

 being fitted up with bins m m, to contain the different forts 

 of grain which is raifed up by the fack-tackle. A wheel i 

 is fixed on the main fhatt, having cogs projefting from 

 both fides. Thofe at the under lide work into a pinion 

 on the end of the roller k, which is for the purpofe of draw- 

 ing up facks. Another pinion is fituated above the wheel i, 

 which has a roller projefting out over the flap-doors feen 

 at p, in the_/f§-. 2, to land the facks upon. The two pinions 

 mm. Jig. 2, are turned by the great wheel a a, and are for 

 giving motion to the drefiing and bolting machines, which 

 are placed upon the floor N, but are not fliewn in the 

 drawing, being exaftly fimilar to the drefTing-machines ufed 

 in all flour-mills. The cogs upon the great wheel a are not 

 fo broad as the rim itfelf, leaving a plain rim about three 

 inches broad. This is enconipaffed by a broad iron hoop, 

 which is made fall at one end to the upright poft 3 ; the 

 other being jointed to a llrong lever n, to the extreme end 

 of which a purchafe is attached, and the fall is made fall 

 to iron pins on the top of a frame fi.sed to the ground. 



W I N 



This apparatus aiifwers the purpofe of the brake or eripe 



in<r tne ran or tne ourchale n. it canfpo tt,^ ;,„„ ftrap to 



in common wind-mills to fliop their motion. By pull- 

 the fall of the purchafe 0, it caufes the iron ftrap to 

 embrace the great wheel, and produce a refillance fiifficient 

 to flop the wheel. The mill can be regulated in its motion, 

 or llopt entirely, by opening or fliutting the blinds F, 

 which furround the fan-wheel. They are all moved at 

 once by a circular ring of wood fituated jiill beneath the 

 lower ends of the blinds upon the floor I I, being connefted 

 with each blind by a fliort iron fink. The ring is moved 

 round by a rack and fpindle, which defcend into the mill- 

 room below, for the convenience of the miller. 



A fort of wind-mill has been long much employed in 

 Portugal, in which, from the difference in the conflruftion 

 of the fails, it is fnppofed by fome, as lord Somervdle, 

 who has infpefted it when working, to pofTefs a fuperiority 

 in having the broad part of the fail at the end of the levers 

 or booms ; in confequence of which equal rcfifi;ance is 

 overcome with lefs length of branches : and that from this 

 fliortnefs a confiderable faving is made in the timber of 

 both the booms and fpindles, as well as in the height, firft 

 cod of the mills, and their future repairs. 



The advantages of making ufe of thefe forts of 

 wind-mills in preference to others are, that as there are 

 four booms, as well as four maft;s for the fails, they are 

 capable of being more eafily braced out to the wind, and in 

 cafe of a fudden gale or guil of it, are more eafily caft loofe 

 than in thofe of the common conflruftion ; and that as 

 the fails in thefe mills are placed in the beil pofTible direc- 

 tion by the booms, it is prefumed that a wind-mill built on 

 this plan and principle will do more work than any common 

 wind-mill with an equal quantity of canvafs. 



Thefe forts of mills have alfo lately been very much im- 

 proved by conft,rufting and difpofing thofe fnrface parts 

 upon which the wind is intended to aft, in fuch a particular 

 manner, as that by alternately oppofing a refilling and non- 

 refifling furface, the whole force or impulfe may operate in 

 a direft manner upon the refilling fide of the fail or vane, 

 in proportion to its extent ; and that when the non-refilling 

 fide is returning againft thefe powers, the mill being fo 

 contrived that there is very httle refifl.aiice, however large 

 the furface. Thefe improvements, when applied to hori- 

 zontal wind-mills, the power of them, even with the fame 

 quantity of fail, or afting furface, may too be increafed or 

 diminiftied at pleafure, which is a circumfl:ance of very 

 great utility and convenience in many cafes. 



Wi\D-PiimJ>, that fort of pump which is fo contrived 

 .ind formed as to be driven by the wind. Thefe kinds 

 of pumps are very ufeful for draining and lifting water 

 in many cafes, as where the depth of it is too great to ad- 

 mit of cutting drains, or the fuperftrata too loofe for form- 

 ing them, and when the height to which the water is to 

 be raifed is great. See SpKl^G-Draini/ig and SuRFACE- 

 Drmning. 



V^lSD-Roau, in Agriculture, a term lignifying the green 

 parts or borders of a field, dug up, in order to carry the 

 earth on other land to mend it ; fo called becaufe it is laid 

 in rows, and expofed to the wind. It alfo figiiifies a row 

 of peats fet up to dry for fuel. Likewife a row of hay ex- 

 pofed to the wind and fun to get dry. And alfo of turfs 

 or fward cut up in paring and burning. 



The peats are fet up in thefe rows in an open manner, to 

 the height of two or three feet or more, that the wind may 

 pafs between and dry them. The rows of hay of this kind 

 are either fiiigle or double, the former for that which is in 

 the more gralTy ftate, and the latter for that which has been 

 more made ; and the work is performed by different perfons 



raking 



