W I N 



raking the fpicad hay in oppofite direAions towards them- 

 ■ felves, and by fuch means forming a row between them of 

 double the extent of that of the fingle wind-row. See 

 HiY-Mailng. 



The turf or fods for burning are fet up in thefe rows, 

 in leaning direftions againft each other, fo as to let the wind 

 readily pafs among and dry them in a quick manner for 

 burning. 



Whins are fomelimes, too, formed into wind-rows for 

 being burnt for the aihes. See WlllN-y^^j-. 



WiUD-SaH, or Ventilator, in a Ship, is made of 

 canvas, and uied for circulating frcfli air between the decks, 

 and is in the form of a cylinder, or an obtufe-ending cone, 

 and is adapted to the fize of the fliip. Four breadths of 

 canvas are fewed together, and the outer felvages are joined 

 with an inch feam, leaving one cloth four feet fhort of the 

 top. A three-inch tabling goes round the top and bottom. 

 It is kept diftended by circular hoops, made of afli, fewed 

 to the infide, one at top, and one at every interval of fix 

 feet. The upper part, or top, is covered with canvas, and 

 a fmall rope fewed round the edge ; into which are fpliccd, 

 at the quarters, the ends of two pieces of rope, that are 

 fewed up to the middle, and an eye formed by feizing the 

 bights. The length of a wind-fail is taken nine feet above 

 the deck, to three or four feet below the lower hatchway ; 

 the quantity of canvas is obtained by multiplying the num- 

 ber of cloths by the length. 



Thefe, of which there are generally three or four in our 

 capital fliips of war, have the advantage of taking little 

 room, of requiring no labour in working, and of a fimple 

 contrivance, fo that they can fail in no hands. But their 

 powers are faid to be fmall in comparifon with thofe of 

 Dr. Hales's ventilators : they cannot be put up in hard 

 gales of wind, and are of no efficacy in dead calms, when a 

 refrefhmcnt of air is moil wanted. See Ventilator. 



WiXD-5W, in Botany. See Arctotis. 



Wiyo-Shock, a name given by our farmers to a diftcm- 

 perature to which fruit-trees, and fometimes timber-trees, 

 are fubjedt. 



It is a fort of bruife and fhiver throughout the whole fub- 

 ftance of the tree; but the bark being often not affefted by 

 it, it is not feen on the outfide, while the infide is twilled 

 round and greatly injured. 



It is by fome fuppofed to be occafioned by high winds ; 

 but others attribute it to lightning. Thofe trees are moll 

 ufually affefted by it, whofe boughs grow more out on one 

 fide than on the other. 



The bed way of preventing this in valuable trees, is to 

 take care in the plantation that they are flickered well, and 

 to cut them frequently in a regular manner while young. 



The winds not only twill trees in this manner, but they 

 often throw them wholly down : in this cafe, the common 

 method is to cut up the tree for firing, or other ufes ; but 

 if it be a tree that is worth preferving, and it be not broken 

 but only torn up by tiie roots, it may be proper to raife it 

 again by the following method : — Let a hole be dug deep 

 enough to receive its roots, in the place where they before 

 were ; let the draggling roots be cut off, and fome of the 

 branches, and part of the head of the tree ; then let it be 

 raifed, and when the turn-up roots are replaced in the earth 

 in their natural fituation, let them be well covered, and the 

 hole filled up with rammed earth; the tree will, in this cafe, 

 grow as well, and perhaps better, than before. If nature be 

 left to herfelf, and the tree be not very large, the pulling off 

 the roots will raife it. Mortimer's Hulbandry, vol. ii. p. 79. 



WiND-Taci/f Blocks, in a Ship. See WiNDiNG-7ac/J/c. 



W liiD-Taught, in Sea Language, denotes the fame as (liff 



W I N 



in the wind. Too much rigging, high marts, or any thing 

 catching or holding wind aloft, is faid to hold a fhip wind- 

 taught ; by which they mean, that Ihe ftoops too much in 

 her failing in a ftiff gale of wind. 



Again, when a fliip rides in a main ftrefs of wind and 

 weather, they llrike down her top-mafts, and bring her 

 yards down, which elfe would hold too much wind, or be 

 too much diftended and wind-taught. 



WiND-ThruJh, in Ornithology, a name given by fome to 

 the red-wing, and fuppofed to be given from their generally 

 firft appearing with us in windy feafons ; but it appears 

 more probably to be derived from the German name nvint- 

 trojjel, or vine-thrufh, from its doing great mifchief there 

 in the vineyards, by eating and deftroying the grapes. Ray. 



WitiB-Tumcurs. See Tumour. 



WiND-/K(ir^, in Sea Language, denotes any thing to- 

 wards that point from whence the wind blows, in refpeft of 

 a ihip. 



WiND-lVard, Sailing to. See Sailing. 



Wiao-lVartl Tide denotes a tide which runs againft. the 

 wind. 



Wind, in Geography, a river of America, which runs into 

 the Connefticut at Windfor. 



Wind Gap, a pafs in the Blue Mountains of Pennfylvania. 



WINDAGE of a Gun, is the difference between the 

 diameter of the bore and the diameter of the ball. 



The windage is not the fame in England as it is abroad. 

 With us, if the diameter of the ftiot is divided into twenty 

 equal parts, then the diameter of the bore is twenty-one of 

 thefe parts. The French fuppofe the diameter of the ftiot 

 divided into twenty-fix parts, arid the diameter of the bore 

 to be twenty-feven. Mr. Muller obferves, that the le£s 

 windage there is, the truer the fliot will go, and having lefs 

 room to bounce from one fide to another, the gun will not 

 be fpoiled fo fooq. Accordingly, he divides the diameter 

 of the ftiot into twenty-four equal parts, and makes the bore 

 twenty-five, which is a medium between the Englifti and 

 French method. Artillery, p. 84. 



Dr. Hutton obferves, that if the windage be one-twentieth 

 of the calibre, which is the ufual fize, no lefs than one-third 

 or one-fourth of the powder efcapes, and is loft. As the 

 balls are often fmaller than the regulated fize, it frequently 

 happens, that half the powder is loll by unneceflary windage. 



Dr. Hutton alfo recommends the diminiftiing of the 

 windage. See Gunnery. 



WINDALA, in Geography, a tovi'n of Sweden, in Eaft 

 Bothnia ; 65 miles E. of Waia. 



WIND A LI., a town of the ftate of Vermont; 22 miles 

 S.S.W. of Windfor. 



WINDASS, Wandass, or Wanlass, an ancient term 

 in hunting. Thus, to drive the windafs fignifies the chafing 

 of a deer to a Hand, where one is ready with a bow, gun, or 

 to fiioot. This is one of the cntlomary fervices of fiefs. 



" Omnes illi qui tenuv.'runt in bondagii tenura, 



folcbant vocari cuftumarii : & quotiefcunque dominus ad 

 venandum venerit, illi cuftumarii folebant fugare windaflum, 

 ad ftabulum, in venatione ferarum beftiarum fecundum 

 quaiititatem tenurx fus." MS. de Confuetud. Manerii de 

 Sutton Colfield, an. 3 Ed. II. 



WINDAU, in Geography, a fea-port town of the duchy 

 of Courland, near the mouth of the Wera, on the Baltic. 

 It was the capital of a palatinate, and has a caftle, once the 

 refidence of the Livonian knights ; the Hates of Courland 

 likewife held their affemblies here, which made it populous ; 

 but it is now much decayed, and cliiefly fupported by ftiip- 

 building, and exporting pitch, tar, wax, &c. ; 8 miles 

 N.N.E. of Piltyn. N. lat. 57° 10'. E. long. 21° 32'. 



WiNDAU. 



