W I N 



WiNDAU. See Weta. 



WINDECK, a towa of France, in the department of 

 the Scheldt ; 9 miles S.S.E. of Ghent. — Alfo, a town of 

 the duchy of Berp; ; 21 miles E. of Bonn. 



WINDECKEN, a town of Germany, in the county of 

 Hanau Munzenburg ; 4 miles N. of Hanau. 



WINDELSBACH, a town of the margravate of 

 Anfpach ; 22 miles N.W. of Anfpach. 



WINDER, in jlgriculture, a term ufed provincially to 

 fignify to clean corn with a fan-machine. See Fan- 

 Machine. 



WiNDER-Jffi, in Ornithology, the name of a bird of 

 the larus, or gull-kind, the larus cinerarias of Linnxus, mo- 

 derately large, and defcribed by Aldrovandus under the name 

 of larus major. 



Its head is remarkably large and thick, and is of a mot- 

 tled colour of white and grey ; its brealt and belly are alfo 

 variegated with the fame colours, but they are fomewhat 

 paler ; its beak is thick and ftrong, of a yellow colour, and 

 very fharp, and the opening of its mouth very wide ; its 

 wings are variegated with white, grey, and chefnut colour, 

 and both thefe and the tail have much black in them ; the 

 feet are webbed and yellow, the claws are (harp, and the 

 hinder toe larger than in moft birds of this kind. Ray's 

 Zoology, p. 267. 



WINDE RS of Wool. See 'Wool- Winders. 



WINDHAM, or WymondHAM, in Geography, a town 

 of England, in the county of Norfolk, with a weekly 

 market on Friday. The chief trade of the place is making 

 wooden ware. In 1549, William Kett, one of the Norfolk 

 infurgents, was hanged on the fteeple of the church ; 9 

 miles W.S.W. of Norwich. N. lat. 52° 34'. E. long. 



'° 7'- 



Windham, a large poft-townihip of Greene county, in 

 New York, comprifing all that part of the county on the 

 S. and W. of the fummit of the Catfbergs or Catilvill moun- 

 tains ; bounded N. by Durham, Cairo and Catflcill, E. by 

 the northern angle of Ulfter county, S. by Ulfter and a part 

 of Delaware counties, and W. by Delaware county. It 

 has a poft-ofEce, and is about 24 miles in length, its 

 medial breadth being about 12 miles. 



It is mountainous, with much good pafturelands that 

 yield excellent dairy. It is watered by the Schoharie 

 creek, which has feveral mill-feats and fmall branches. 

 Along thefe Itreams are fome alluvial land?, which are rich 

 and fertile. The view from the Catfbergs, over which is 

 a road, is very grand and intereiting. The W. part of 

 Windham is about 35 miles W. from Catfliill, its principal 

 market. The population confifts of 396^ perfons, and the 

 fenatorial eleftors are 267. 



Windham, a town of the ftate of Connecticut, on the 

 Thames. It is the chief town of a county, to which it 

 gives name. The county contains 28,611 inhabitants, and 

 the town 2416; 63 miles S.W. of Bolton. N. lat. 41° 38'. 



W. long. 72° 1 1' Alfo, a town of the ftate of Vermont, 



in the county of Windham, with 782 inhabitants ; 20 miles 

 E. of Bennington. — Alfo, a county in the S.E. part of the 

 ftate of Vermont, bordering on the MafFachufetts. It con- 

 tains 26,760 inliabitants. — Alfo, a poft-town of New Hamp- 

 fhire, in Rockingham county, with 743 inhabitants ; 40 

 miles S.W. of Portfmouth. 



WINDING, twifting from an even furface, or not a 

 direft plane. 



WiNDijiG a Call, in Se.i Language, denotes the aft of 

 blowing or piping upon a boatfwain's whiftle, fo as to com- 

 municate the neceflary orders of hoifting, heaving, belaying, 

 flackening, &c. See Call. 



W I N 



Vf i^Tnao-Engiue, in Mining, a machine employed to 

 wind or draw up corves or buckets out of a deep pit or 

 lliaft. There are feveral different machines employed for 

 this purpofe, and each has a different name. 



The moft fimple winding-machine is a roller placed 

 horizontally over the pit, to wind up the rope, by which the 

 bucket is fufpended ; the roller is turned round by a handle 

 at each end. This fimple machine, which is called a wind- 

 lafs, wind-up, or roller, is commonly ufed for well-digging, 

 and formerly was the common machine for mines ; but for 

 mining on the prelent fyftem more powerful machinery is 

 required. In Derbyfhire it is called a ftovvfe, and the con- 

 ftruftion is very minutely direfted in tlie ancient mining-laws 

 of the diftrift, called ' The King's Field.' A fmall model or 

 effigy of a ilowfe, conftrufted according to law, and fixed 

 up " in fight of all men," is ftill the fign of legal poffelTion 

 of a lead-mine, and one of thefe mull be conltantly main- 

 tained at every thirty -nine yards in length of the vein of ore ; 

 for by thofe laws no man may work more than thirty-nine 

 yards, and it is fuppofed that each one of thefe is a feparate 

 working and drawing up of the ore from the mine. 



With this fimple machine a man can work continually to 

 draw up a weight of 3750 pounds, at the rate of one foot 

 per minute, or any fmaller weight with a proportionably 

 quicker motion. This is a fair averajje of the ftrength of 

 man, which has been determined by a number of experi- 

 ments, as fhewn in our article Water. The radius of a 

 winch or handle fhould not be above fourteen inches, which 

 defcribes a circle of 73- feet circumference ; a man can turn 

 this round twenty times per minute with convenience, and 

 the motion of his hands will therefore be 146^ feet per 

 minute, at which rate a man can exert a force of 255 pounds 

 according to our itandard. To apply a man's force to the 

 greateft advantage, we muft not depart much from thefe 

 proportions ; but the load which is drawn up at one time 

 may be varied according to the diameter of the roller or 

 barrel on which the rope winds : for inftance, if this barrel 

 is feven inches diameter, it will draw up the weight only 

 one-fourth as fall as the man moves the handle ; and in con- 

 fequence the weight may be 4 x 255 =: 102 pounds, and 

 this he will be able to wind up at the rate of thirty-feven 

 feet per minute. It is befl to employ two men, and make 

 the two handles at right angles to each other ; the roller may 

 then be 14 inches diameter, and they can draw up the 102 

 pounds at the rate of 74 feet per minute. The roller fhould 

 have two ropes wrapped upon it in oppofite direftions, and 

 a bucket being fufpended from each, one bucket will be 

 drawn up as the other is let down, and no time will be loft. 



The next machine is the horfe-gin : it has a large drum or 

 barrel to wind up the rope ; the barrel is mounted on a 

 vertical axis, which is provided with one or more long levers, 

 to the extreme ends of which a horfe is harnelfed, and by 

 walking round in a circle, the barrel is turned round, and 

 the rope which defcends into the pit or fliaft, is wound up 

 by wrapping round the barrel. The gin is placed at a con- 

 venient diftance from the mouth of the pit, and the rope is 

 condufted over a pulley at the top of the pit, to change the 

 direftion from horizontal to vertical. The horfe-gin ufually 

 has two ropes wrapping round the barrel in oppofite direc- 

 tions, and one winds up as the other unwinds. The two 

 buckets or corves which are fi-fpended in the pit at the fame 

 time, go up and down alternately, one full and the other 

 empty, and the weight of the empty corve, which is de- 

 fcending, tends in fome meafure to balance that which is 

 coming up full. 



The barrel muft be turned in a contrary direftion every 

 time a bafliet is drawn up, and for this purpofe the horfe is 



turned 



