W 1 N 



may alfo, however, with great fafety, be allowed to remain 

 on the tree ten or twelve days longer than the fwan-egg ; 

 the leaves of the latter, too, fall, it is faid, much fooner than 

 thofe of the former. 



On walls, in different proper afpefts, the following forts 

 of winter-pears have, it is faid, been recommended to be 

 planted : the creffanne, the colmar, the boncretien d'hyver, 

 the chaumontelle, and fome others, which are certainly ex- 

 cellent pears, but that fome of them are yj^y-bearers, and 

 others do not ripen well in thefe parts, except in the moll 

 favourable fituations. Some have found the four following 

 forts particularly nfeful on walls, efpecially in high fitua- 

 tions in thofe northern parts of the country where the 

 Other finer forts do not ripen in a proper manner : the green 

 yair, muirfowl-egg, fwan-egg, and winter achan. But it 

 is noticed, that the fecond and the laft of thefe forts of 

 pears, when planted as ftandards, produce not only better 

 crops, but fruit of a higher flavour. Many other forts are 

 mentioned by different writers as very good winter-pears 

 for the purpofe of cultivation in thefe and other places ; as 

 may be feen in the above ufeful paper. 



WiNTER-Proui/, in Agriculture, a term applied provin- 

 cially to fuch winter-wheat, or other crop, as puts on a 

 more green and luxuriant growth and appearance than it is 

 able to maintain and fupport in the following fummer fea- 

 fon J or in which the tillering (hoots, branches, or ramifica- 

 tions of the feed-grain, become too numerous to be nou- 

 riihed and brought to maturity in confequence of the pre- 

 vious over-exertion of the foil or land. In thefe cafes, the 

 crops dechne during the fpring and fummer months, and at 

 the harveft time yield imperfeftly, falling much below the 

 quantity afforded by fuch crops as had a more backward 

 appearance in the winter feafon. 



It is of courfe always of advantage to have thefe forts of 

 crops in rather a backward ftatc in the winter period of the 

 year. 



Winter- Qujr/fr/. See Quarters. 

 Winter-/?;^, among Hujbandmen, fignifies to fallow or 

 till the land in winter. 



WisTER-SolJlUe. See Solstice. 



WINTERA, in Botany, is fo called in memory of the 

 companion of fir Francis Drake, captain William Winter, 

 who brought the bark, of the firft fpecies, from the ftraits 

 of Magellan in 1579, and introduced it to the knowledge 

 of European phyficians, as a valuable tonic, more efpecially 

 ufeful in the fcurvy. Linnseus, meaning to commemorate 

 this difcovery, eftablifhed a genus by the name of Wintcrana, 

 G. PI. 238, the bark of which he conceived to be what 

 captain Winter introduced. But the Linnxan plant is the 

 Canella alba, to the fruftification of which alone the de- 

 fcription applies. Browne had already founded this genus, 

 by the name of Canella, { fee that article, ) and Swartz, as 

 well as Murray, have confirmed it. Meanwhile Forfter, 

 having found and inveftigated the fruftification of the 

 Winter's-bark tree, defcribed it by the name of Drimys, 

 alluding to its hot and pungent flavour. This is retained 

 by the younger Linnseus in his Supplementum, with a remark 

 properly diilinguifliing it from the Canella alba, though his 

 father, like prof. Bergius, Mat. Med. v. i. 381, had con- 

 founded them. Finally Murray, in Linn. Syjl. Veg. ed. 14, 

 awrare of thefe various errors and mifconceptions, very pro- 

 perly eftabhflies Browne's genus, by its right denomination, 

 Canella, and reftores Winter's name to the plant to which it 

 properly belongs, and with which Linnaeus intended to affo- 

 ciate it. Murray, however, prefers Winter a to Wintcrana, 

 which is the more judicious, as his genus is not really the 

 Wintcrana of Linoasus. The name be has chofeu is oow, 

 12 



WIN 



except by an accidental miftake of De Candolle in chrono- 

 logy, univerfally adopted. Perhaps Winteria would have 

 been better ; but we refrain from embroiling the fubjeA 

 with any further alteration, of what has received the fanc- 

 tion of fuch men as Murray and Schreber. — Murr. in Linn. 

 Syft. Veg. ed. 14. 507. Forft. Prodr. 86. Schreb. 

 Gen. 368. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 2. 1239. Mart. MiU. Dift. 

 VI 4. (Drimys; Forft. Nov. Gen. t. 42. G. Forft. 

 Nov. Aft. Upf. V. 3. 181. Linn. Snppl. 43. Lamarck 

 lUullr. t.494. De Cand. Syft. v. I. 442. Drymis ; 

 Juil. 280. Lamarck Dift. v. 2. 330.) — Clafs and order, 

 Polyandria Tetragynia. Nat. Ord. Magnolia, Jufl". 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Perianth inferior, of one leaf, fplitting 

 into two or three fegments. Cor. Petals fix, or more, 

 ovate, fpreading. Stam. Filaments numerous, (horter than 

 the corolla, dilated upwards ; anthers terminal, of two la- 

 teral ovate cells, feparate at the bafe, converging at their 

 points. PiJ}. Gernnens four to eight, crowded, obovate ; 

 ftyles none ; ftigmas depreffed, flat. Peric. Berries four to 

 eight, ovate, fomewhat triangular. Seeds feveral, difpofed 

 in two rows. 



Eff. Ch. Calyx fplitting unequally. Petals numerous. 

 Stamens club-ftiaped, v^'ith terminal two-lobed anthers. 

 Styles none. Berries fuperior, aggregate. Seeds feveral, 

 in a double row. 



Obf. Willdenow copies what we fnfpeft may be d 

 cafual error of the younger Linnxus, germina clavata, for 

 Jlamina clavata. De Candolle, who defcribes two new 

 fpecies, firft gave a correft account of the arrangement of 

 the feeds, an important circumftance in this natural order. 

 His obfervations, confirming thofe of Linnxus, (hew the 

 petals to be indeterminate in number. PolTibly the hne is 

 not drawn diftinftly between them and ihejlamens, of which 

 Nymphxa alfords another iiiftance, fo that an inner feries of 

 fmaller petals may occafionally occur. 



I. W. aromatiea. Officinal Winter's-bark. Murray 

 n. 1. Willd. n. I. Mart. n. I. Forft. PI. Magell. 24. 

 t. 7. Comm. Goett. v. 9. 34. t. 7. Soland. in Med. Obf. 

 and Enq. v. 5. 41. t. I. Woodv, Med. Bot. t. 257. 

 (Drimys Winteri ; Forft. Aft. Upf. v. 3. 181. Linn. 

 Suppl. 269. Winteranus cortex ; Cluf. Exot. 75. Dale 

 Pharmac. 324. Laurifolia magellanica, cortice acri ; 

 Bauh. Pin. 461. " Periclymenum reftum, foliis laurinis, cor- 

 tice aronnatico acri ; Sloane in Phil. Tranf. v. 17. 923. 1. 1, 

 f. 1,2.") — Leaves elliptical, obtufe, coriaceous. Flower- 

 ftalks aggregate, terminal. Pitti's about four. — Native of 

 the country on both fides of the ftraits of Magellan, in 

 valleys expofed to the fun, where it was firft obferved by 

 captain Winter, and has fince been found by feveral follow- 

 ing navigators, but no one has brought living plants or 

 feeds to Europe. This is a tree of confiderable fize, often 50 

 feet high, with twifted knotty branches, and a thick rugged 

 bark, of an aromatic fmell, and pungent permanent flavour. 

 This bark is not mi ch ufed in praftice at prefent, there being 

 many drugs of equal, or fuperior, powers ; as the Canella alia, 

 which has taken its place, and caufed the botanical miftake 

 above-mentioned. (See Winter'/ 5ari.) The /fflxicj are al- 

 ternate, crowded about the ends of tlie branches, ever-green, 

 two or three inches long, and one and a half wide, thick and 

 rigid, entire, fomewhat revolute, with a ftout midrib, and 

 fcarcely vifible veins, very fniooth on both fides ; fomewhat 

 glaucous, but not invariably or permanently fo, beneath. 

 Footjlalks broad and thick, fmooth, half or three-quarters of 

 an inch long. Stipules none. Floiver-Jlalks at the ends of' 

 the branches, two or three together, fimple or three-cleft, 

 fmooth, not half the length of the leaves, accompanied at 

 their bafe by feveral ovate, pale, deciduous hraScas. FUivirt 



fmaller 



