woo 



water made in the proportion of two ounces of alum to 

 a quart of water. . 



For a lefs bright red, bru(h over the wood witha Unfture 

 made by diffolving an ounce of dragon's blood in a pint of 

 fpirit of wine. 



For a pink or rofe red, add to a gallon of the above in- 

 fufion of Brafil wood two ounces of pearl-afhes, and ufe 

 it as before : obferving to brufh the wood over often with 

 the alum-water. Thefe reds may be varniftied as the 



yellows. 



Wood may be ftained blue by means either of copper or 

 indigo. The brighter blue may be obtained by brufhmg 

 a folution of copper (fee Verditer), while hot, feveral 

 times over the wood : and then brulhing a folution of 

 pearl-afhes in the proportion of two ounces to a pint of 

 water hot over the wood. It is ftained blue with indigo, 

 by brufliing it vnth the indigo prepared with foap-lees 

 as when ufed by the dyers, boiling hot ; and then with 

 a folution of white tartar or cream of tartar, made by 

 boiling three ounces of either in a quart of water, brufli- 

 iig over the wood plentifully before the tinfture of in- 

 digo be quite dry. Thefe blues may be brulhed and var- 

 niihed as the reds, if neceflary. 



Wood may be ftained green by diffolving verdigrife in 

 »inegar, or the cryftals of verdigrife in water, and with 

 the hot folution bruftiing over the wood till it be duly 

 ftairied. 



A light red-brown mahogany colour may be given to 

 wood by means of a decoftion of madder and fuftic wood, 

 ground in water, in the proportion of half a pound of 

 madder and a quarter of a pound of fuftic to a gallon, 

 or, inftead of the fuftic, an ounce of the yellow berries 

 may be ufed. Brufh over the wood with this folution, 

 while boihng hot, till the due colour be obtained. The 

 fame effeft may to a confiderable degree be produced by 

 the tinfture of dragon's blood and turmeric root, in fpirit 

 of wine. 



For the dark mahogany, take the infufion of madder as 

 above, and fubftitute for the fuftic two ounces of log- 

 wood : and when the wood has been brufhed over feveral 

 umes, and is dry, brufh it over flightly with water in which 

 pearl-afhes have been difTolved, in the proportion of about 

 a quarter of an ounce to a quart. The wood, in the better 

 kind of work, ftiould be afterwards varnifhed with three or 

 four coats of feed-lac varnifh ; but for coarfe work, with 

 the varnifh of refin and feed-lac, or they may be well 

 rubbed over with drying oil. 



Wood may be ftained purple by brulhing it over feveral 

 times with a ftrong decoftion of logwood and Brafil, 

 made in the proportion of one pound of the logwood 

 and a quarter of a pound of the Brafil, to a gallon of 

 water, and boiled for one hour or more. Let the wood, 

 well coloured, dry, and be then flightly paffed over by 

 a folution of one drachm of pearl-aflies in a quart of water. 

 A folution of gold in fpirit of fait or aqua regia will give 

 a durable purple ftain to wood. 



For a deep black the wood is brufhed over four or five 

 times with a warm decoftion of logwood, made as above 

 without the Brafil, and afterwards as often with a decoc- 

 tion of galls, made by putting a quarter of a pound of 

 powdered galls to two quarts of water, allowing it to dry 

 thoroughly between the feveral applications of the liquors : 

 thus prepared, it receives a fine deep black colour, from 

 being wafhed over with a folution of vitriol in the pro- 

 portion of two ounces to a quart : in the room of which 

 fome ufe a folution of iron in vinegar, keeping the vine- 



7 



WOO 



gar for this purpofe upon a quantity of the filings of the 

 metal, and pouring off a little as it is wanted. A pretty 

 good black is alfo obtained, more expeditioufly, by brufh- 

 ing over the wood, firft with the logwood liquor, and 

 afterwards with common ink. 



A very fine black may be produced by brufhing the 

 wood feveral times over with a folution of copper in aqua 

 fortis, and afterwards with the decoftion of logwood, re- 

 peated till the colour be of fufEcient force, and the green- 

 nefs produced by the copper overcome. The blacks may 

 be varnifhed as the other colours. 



Where the ftains are defired to be very ftrong, as in the 

 cafe of wood ufed for fineeriiig, it is generally neceffary it 

 fhould be foaked, and not brufhed ; for which purpofe the 

 wood may be cut into pieces of a proper thicknefs for in- 

 laying. Lewis's Phil. Com. Techn. p. 97. 434. Hand- 

 maid to the Arts, vol.i. p. 508, &c. 

 Wood, Stealing of. See Larceny. 

 Wood, Engraving on. See Wood-Enghaving, iH/ra, 

 Wood, Painting on. See Painting. 

 Wood, Sculpture in. See Sculpture. 

 Wood, Sylva, in Geography, a multitude of trees, ex- 

 tended over a large continued traft of land, and propa- 

 gated by nature, or without culture. 



Many great woods only confift of trees of one kind. 

 At Cape Verd, in Africa, are woods of orange and lemon 

 trees ; in Ceylon, are woods of cinnamon-trees ; in the 

 Molucca iflands, woods of clove-trees ; in the iflands of 

 Nero, Lontour, Lofgain, &c. woods of nutmeg-trees ; 

 in Brafil, woods of Brafil-trees, &c. ; in Numidia, woods 

 of date-trees ; in Madagafcar, woods of tamarind-trees, 

 &c. 



WooD-jlJhes, in jigrkulture, the afhes which are formed 

 by burning wood. 



The afhes of fome forts of wood, too, are found to be 

 more powerful as a manure than thofe of others, as thofe 

 from the afh and fome other fuch trees. 



It is faid by fome that they are an excellent drefling for 

 improving cold wet pafture land ; and that poor hungry 

 paftures have been very profitably benefited by them, to near 

 double their former value ; that nothing equals them on low 

 fpongy pafture land. Others, however, have tried them 

 on grafs-lands with little or no effeft. 



The difference in the burning and forming of them may 

 probably caufe this difference in the effefts which they have 

 on land. 



y^ooD- Bound, a term ufed to fignify fuch land as is 

 encumbered with tall woody hedge-rows, fo as to prevent 

 the free circulation of air and admiflion of the fun, by 

 which the natural fertihty and ftrength of it cannot be fully 

 exerted or brought into aftion. See VJoon-Land. 



WooD-Coppices. In the firft raifing of coppices, two 

 things are to be confidered ; firft, the nature of the foil, that 

 fuch trees may be planted in it as will thrive well there ; 

 and fecondly, the ufes that the wood is intended to be fold 

 for, that fuch kinds may be planted as will be moft proper 

 for thofe ufes. 



If the principal vent for wood be for the fire, the beft 

 trees for fire-wood muft be planted, fuch as the oak, 

 beech, hornbeam, or other hard wood. Thefe are the 

 moft profitable for felling as fire-wood, and one or more of 

 thefe grow in any foil. 



If there be a demand in the country where the coppice 

 is to be planted for hoops and hop-poles, then the afh, the 

 chefnut, the oak, alder, and hazel, are to be planted. 



According 



