woo 



court*, which, with the great room, containing the princi- 

 ;^ pavement, ran through the middle, havmg numerous 

 apartments of different dimenfions branching out from them. 

 In three large rooms on the N. fide of the great or firit 

 court were found fragments of columns, ftatues, and mar- 

 bles. The fecond or inner court had galleries on three lidcs. 

 The great mofaic pavement feemed to have belonged to the 

 cavJliun,, an interior court or hall, which communicated 

 with feveral fuites of rooms. Various parts of the building 

 appear to have belonged to the apartments allotted for ba hs, 

 eiercife &c. That thefe remains were portions ot a Iplen- 

 did Roman villa is fcarcely to be doubted ; and from their 

 charaaer the villa may have been the refidence of the pro- 

 prffitor, while Britain was fubjed to Rome. Fragments ot 

 ftatues, pottery, ftags'-horns, glafs, and coins, have been 

 found among the ruins. Of the coins, the oldeft was one ot 

 Hadrian, and the lateft of Valens. A dagger of iron, 

 much corroded, two fpurs of the fame metal, a fmall brals 

 hatchet, a fibula, a key apparently of hardened clay, &c. 

 were alfo difcovered. The manor of Woodchefter belongs 

 to lord Ducie, who has a feat at Spring-park, in the parilh, 

 now deferted. It is romantically fituated amidft fine woods. 

 A full account of the Roman villa, with plates, has been 

 pubUrtiedby S. Lyfons, in imperial folio. 



WOODCOCK, ,in Biography, one of the Hereford 



waits, with a ftrong hand on the violin, fo famous in our 

 youth for playing Vivaldi's Cuckoo concerto, that he was 

 fent for far and near to perform it at country concerts. See 

 Vivaldi. 



WOODCUTTER'S Creek, in Geography, a river of 

 Eaft Florida, which runs into the Atlantic, N. lat. 29° 57'. 

 W. long. 8 1° 40'. 



WOODEN, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of 

 Lublin ; J2 miles N. of Lublin. 



Wooden Ball, a fmall American ifland, near the coaft 

 of Maine. N. lat. 43" 50'. W. long. 68° 40'. 



Wooden Frames, for prefervlng and retarding the Blojfoms 

 ♦/■ Fruit-trees, in Gardening, fuch as are contrived for the 

 purpofe of protefting the bloffoma of them from the de- 

 ftruftive effefts of fpring-frofts, Sec. In this intention nets 

 of different kinds, and fcreens of canvas rolled up in the 

 day-time and let down at night, or in the time of heavy 

 rains, have been moftly employed while the trees are in 

 flower ; but thefe frames are found to be fuperior, efpe- 

 cially in expofed northern fituations. By means of thus re- 

 tarding and defending the bloffomingof thefe forts of tender 

 trees, until the frofts be chiefly over, much advantage is 

 faid to be gained in the fetting of the fruit. 



Thefe frames are conftruded in a fimple cheap manner ; 

 the revolving parts of which are covered with the branches 

 of the filver fir, or thofe of fome other fuch tree, which are 

 found to anfwer the purpofe very effe<ftually ; and when 

 they are properly formed, they will open and ftiut with the 

 greateft eafe and expedition. They are in ufe from about 

 the middle of February until towards the end of April, or 

 later in fome cafes ; being only opened as there may be a 

 necefljty in the ftate of the bloffoms. 



They have been employed with great fuccefs for peaches 

 and apricots, and may be ufed for many other forts of tender 

 fruit-trees. 



In forming them, the upright pods are made of wood, 

 two inchej fquare, and fourteen feet fix inches long, into 

 which crofs-bara are mortifed ; the poles itanding fix feet 

 afunder. The upper leaves, which open outward on their 

 are made of inch-deal, by an incl 



WOO 



the frames from falling inward on the wall. The lower 

 leaves of the frames, which open out above, in order to 

 admit the rays of the fun to the lower parts of the wall, re- 

 volve on pivots. The bottom or low end of the frames iland 

 out two feet from tl'.e wall, and every other pole in them it 

 fixed at the top, with an iron holdfaft immediately under 

 the coping of it. The leaves of the frames are covered with 

 branches of the filver fir, fo as to wholly occupy the vacant 

 fpaces at the end, mid ilc, and fides of them. The crofs- 

 bars are made of inch and quarter wood, and of a breadth 

 to correfpond with the upright poles into which they are 

 mortifed. There are fmall wooden pins in the ends of the 

 crofs-bars, to hold the frames tight when they are up. The 

 ipace between the wall and the frames fhould have a fort of 

 partition at every twelve feet, formed by the filver fir- 

 branches, tied to the trees and every fecond pole, which will 

 prevent a too free circulation of air along the wall, and pre- 

 ferve a degree of ferenity very effential to the fetting of the 

 fruit. 



Thefe frames may be found very beneficial in many open 

 and expofed afpefts of garden-grounds. See a paper on 

 the fubjeft in the firft volume of the " Memoirs of the 

 Caledonian Horticultural Society." 



WooDE.v Hoop for Cheefe, in Rural Economy. See Dai- 

 rying. 



Wooden Horfe, in Military Language. See Horse, 

 Wooden. 



Wooden Horfc-Collar. See Collar. 

 Wooden Saddle. See V ACK-Saddle. 

 Wooden'^ IJland, in Geography, a rocky iflet in the 

 North Pacific ocean, on the S. coall of King George III.'s 

 Archipelago : fo called by captain Vancouver, from Ifaac 

 Wooden, one of his crew, who fell overboard near it, and 

 was drowned, a little to the eafl; of Cape Ommaney. 



WOOD-ENGRAVING, or Xylography, is the art of 

 making fuch incifions and hollows, imitative of natural or 

 ideal objefts, at the will of the defigner, on a block or 

 tablet of wood, as may afterward yield impreffions on paper, 

 its furface being fupplied with printers'-ink in the manner of 

 letter-types. 



The wood of the apple or pear-tree, either of them oc- 

 cafionally, but more frequently the pear-tree, was ufed by 

 thofe engravers of the European continent, who flourifhed 

 during the 14th, 15th, and i6th centuries, and is believed to 

 have been ufed for the fame purpofe, from a much earlier 

 period, in China. The reafon of this preference is the 

 fuperior compaftnefs of the texture of thofe woods : but 

 the wood of the bos-tree has latterly — for the fame reafon, 

 namely, becaufe it is yet more compa£t than the pear-tree in 

 its grain, and harder in its fubftance — fuperfeded it ; at leaft 

 for the fmaller purpofes of fuch book-blocks as are intended 

 to be combined in the letter-prefs, and printed at the fame 

 operation with alphabetic types. 



The inftruments ufed in this art are few and fimple ; 

 and are probably the fame now, with a few improvements 

 of no great importance, that have been in ufe from the very 

 commencement of the art : namely, gravers, more or lefs 

 fquare or lozenge in their proportions, according to the 

 breadth and depth of the lines required to be cut ; fcrapers, 

 of various fizes, both flat and round, but chiefly the latter; 

 knife-tools and fpitflickers, for the finer hnes, pecks, or 

 ftipplings ; and gouges, for the broader and deeper hollows, 

 which ari- intended to be left untouched by the ink and 

 paper in the procefs of printing. 



The defigns which formed the fubjefts of the more an- 

 cient engravers in wood, confifted either of pure outlines. 



pivots, are made of inch-deal, by an inch and a quarter in 

 breadth. There are fmall pieces of wood nailed on the in- _ „ 



fides of the upper and middle bars, to prevent the leaves of or very little more than outlines ; the engraved blocks or 



tablets 



