.WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE. 



inches diameter, and are turned round by toothed pinions 

 on the axis of the cloth-roller, fo as to move rather quicker 

 than the feeding-cloth. The feeding-rollers give the wool 

 to a cylinder 4 a, called the carrier, which is about nine 

 inches diameter. The carrier works againft the cylinder C ; 

 but as its furface moves more flowly than the furface of the 

 cyhnder, the wool contained in the teeth of the carrier is 

 taken up by the cylinder. The carding-machine repre- 

 fented in our plate is fhewn with a cyhnder 3, beneath the 

 carrier ; this is not ufed in the prefent machines, but the 

 feeding-rollers give the wool at once to the carrier 4 a. 



Tliat part of the cylinder which is adjacent to the carrier 

 moves upwards, fo as to carry up the wool it has taken from 

 the carrier, and give it to the workers 2 a and clearers 2. 

 The furfaccs of the workers 2 a move in the fame direftiou 

 as the furface of the great cyhnder, but they turn flowly, 

 being put in motion by the chain 9, which partes over 

 wheels at the ends of all the three workers. 'Thefe wheels 

 have cogs or teeth to enter into the links of the chain, and 

 prevent it from flipping ; the chain pafles beneath a wheel 

 fixed on the axis of the cog-wheel E, but withinfide the 

 frame. The wheel E is turned by a pinion 8, fixed on the 

 extremity of the axis of the great cylinder ; and the propor- 

 tions are fuch, that the workers 2 a revolve once to about 

 four turns of the great cyhnder, and the workers being 

 about 65 inches diameter, whilft the cyhnder is 30 inches 

 diameter, the furface of the cylinder moves about 185 times 

 as faft as the furfaces of the workers. 



The fmall rollers 2, called clearers, are placed fo as to 

 card the wool on the workers, and on the great cyhnder 

 |alfo. The clearers are turned round very quickly, and take 

 the wool from the workers, but their furfaces do not move 

 fo faft as the furface of the cylinder. Thus the ftrap 13 

 paffes over a wheel of about 8^ inches diameter, fixed on 

 ■the extremity of the axis of each clearer; this ftrap is put in 

 motion by a wheel of about 22 inches diameter, fixed on the 

 axis of the great cyhnder ; therefore, the clearers turn about 

 i2| times to one of the great cylinder ; but as they are only 

 3I inches diameter, and the great cylinder is 30 inches 

 diameter, the furface of the cylinder moves near 3^ times 

 as faft as that of the clearer. The carrier 4 a is turned by the 

 fame ftrap 1 3 ; but being larger than the clearers, its furface 

 imoves much quicker, fo that the cylinder's furface moves 

 !only about once and a half as faft as the carrier's furface. 

 1 The ftrap 13 alfo turns a cylinder 2, at the right-hand 

 lend of the machine, called the fly : its furface moves the 

 ifame way as the furface of the cylinder, but moves nearly 

 !once and a half as faft ; the pulley at the end of the fly 

 being only 45- inches diameter, and the fly itfelf nine 

 iinches. The fly is not placed fo clofe to the cylinder as 

 ito take the wool away therefrom, but is intended to raife 

 and loofen it in the cards of the cyhnder, fo that the 

 'cyhnder 4 beneath it, called the doffer, can take off the 

 wool more readily. This doffer is 14 inches diameter, and 

 lis covered with feparate (heets of card-wire, each about 

 '4 inches wide, leaving vacant fpaces between them parallel 

 Ito the axis of the cylinder. The doffer moves round very 

 •flowly, its furface moving only vW of the velocity of the fur- 

 ;face of the cylinder: it is turned by a band from a pulley on 

 ithe axis of the roller D, which we fliall next defcribe. 

 ; The comb which works againft the furface of the doflTer, 

 land ftrips off the wool from it, cannot be feen in the draw- 

 ling. The comb is fupporled by two upright rods, fcrewed 

 'to it one at each end ; the upper ends of thefe rods are 

 iguided by two horizontal levers, and the lower ends are 

 ijointed to two fmall cranks formed on an horizontal axis, 

 'which is fituated at the lower part of the frame near the 



ground, and put in rapid motion by a ftrap, from a pulley 

 at the bottom of the frame beneath the great cyhnder. This 

 pulley has a fmaller one fixed on the extreme end of its 

 axis, and receives its motion from the fame ftrap 13, which 

 turns the clearers. Every revolution of the cranks caufes 

 the comb to rife and fall about two inches ; and when the 

 comb defcends, the teeth on its edge aft againft the cards, 

 on the furface of the dolfer 4, fo as to take out the wool 

 from them. This wool is feparated in a continued flieet or 

 film, becaufe the ftrokes of the comb fucceed each other 

 very quickly, and the doff'er turns round flowly ; but owing 

 to the vacant fpaces between the cards on the doffer, this 

 film only continues for a width of about four inches, and is 

 then discontinued until the vacant fpace on the doffer has 

 paffed by the comb, which then adls again to ftrip off the 

 wool, and fo on : hence the wool is drawn off from the 

 machine in a carded ftate, in fmall and very delicate films or 

 webs of about 4 inches wide, and 27 or 28 inches long, 

 which is the length of the doffer. 



Thefe detached portions of wool are next rolled up fo as 

 to form fmall cyhndrical rolls, which is done by what is 

 called the roller-bowl D : it is a cylinder of wood, with 

 fhallow flutes upon its furface, parallel to its axis ; it is 

 turned round flowly by a pulley H on the end of its axis, 

 and an endlefs band, 14, which paffes round a pulley I, 

 fixed on the wheel E. The lower part of the roller-bowl, 

 D, is inclofed within a hollow cyhnder of wood, called 

 the fhell ; it encompaffes the lower half, being fixed beneath 

 the revolving cyhnder ; the ftiell is fluted within fide, but 

 does not touch the bowl, leaving a fmall interval between the 

 two. The portions of wool, as they are ftripped or combed 

 off from the doffer, fall down over the edge of the fhcll, 

 which for that purpofe is fituated clofe to the doffer, at that 

 part of its circumference where the comb works : by this 

 means, the wool which is ftripped off falls down into the 

 fpace between the fhell and the roller-bowl ; and when the 

 portion of wool is completely detached and drops off, the 

 motion of the bowl within its fhell rolls the wool between 

 them with a roUing motion, which forms the wool into a 

 very round and ftraight cylindrical roll, called a carding, when 

 thefe cardings drop out from between the roller-bowl and 

 its fhell ; they fall upon a flat table, a a, as flievvn at 7 7 7. 

 This table is covered with an endlefs cloth, which is 

 ftretched over two horizontal rollers ; one of thefe rollers has 

 a crofs, marked 16, l6, fixed on the end of its axis ; the 

 arms of the crofs are feizedby a cranked lever, 15, which is 

 fixed to the axis of the roller-bowl, and at every revolution 

 the crofs 16 is turned round one-fourth : this moves the 

 endlefs cloth forwards, and carries the cardings away in the 

 manner (hewn at 7 7 7, as faft as they drop out from the 

 fhell, and from this table they are carried away to the flubbing- 

 machine, or billy. 



In moft modern machines the latter movement is altered, 

 the endlefs cloth being kept in a continual and flow motion 

 by an endlefs band paffing round a fmall pulley fixed to the 

 pulley H, and a larger pulley fixed in place of the crofs 16. 



In fome old carding-engines many of the motions were 

 performed by toothed wheels and pinions ; but of late years 

 all the parts are moved by bands or ftraps, which produce 

 a much more equable and fleady movement. The large cy- 

 linders are generally made by placing two or more wheels of 

 caft iron on one axle, the circumference of the wheels being 

 cafed with wood, which is attached to them by fcrews or 

 rivets. The fmaller rollers are formed in a fimilar manner 

 on wooden diflcs, but all are made hollow, to avoid warping, 

 which would render the aftion of the cards irregular and 

 uncertain. 



We 



