WOOLLEN MANUFACTURE 



up upon the fptndle, beCaufe the flubbing always flips over 

 the top-end of the fpindle ; but when a portion of each 

 flubbing is finiflied, and it is required to wind it up round the 

 fpindle in a ball, the flubbing muft be prefled down by a 

 wire 8, fo as to bear it from the point of the fpindle, and 

 place it oppofite to the middle part of the cop or ball upon 

 the fpindle, and then the motion of the fpindle will caufe it 

 to wind up upon the fpindle, and form a ball. 



The w're 8 is made to operate upon the whole row of 

 flubbing^ at once, and for this purpofe a horizontal rail 4 

 is placed in the front of the row of fpindles, being provided 

 with pivots at its extreme ends, on which it is fupported in 

 ftan.iards nfing from the carriage D. It has a fmall arm or 

 lever projecting from it at each end, and the wire 8 is 

 flretched between tliefe arms. By turning the rail 4 round 

 upon its pivots, the wire is capable of being raifed up, as 

 in the figure, or lowered down at pleafure : when the wire 

 is lower-.d, it di-icends below the level of the top of the 

 fpindles, fo as to bear down the threads which, when the wire 

 is raifed up, as ftiewn in the figure, proceed from the points 

 of the fpindles. 



The fpinner holds the rail 4 in his right-hand, and it is 



by this that he draws the carriage either in or out, according 



as it may require ; and by turning the rail 4 round, he can 



elevate or deprefs the wire 8, fo as to make it bear 



' down the flubbings to any degree at pleafure ; by this 



: means, he diftributes the flubbings upon the fpindles in 



I a proper manner, to form a regular ball or cop, as fliewn in 



ji the figure. 



I As the cardings are very flight and tender, they would be 



J liable to break if they were dragged forwards on the inclined 



i cloth, or even if the cloth were to be moved round its roller 



/ by the force applied to the cardings. To avoid this, a cord 



is applied round a groove in the middle part of the upper 



, roller, and after pafling over proper pulleys, as fliewn in the 



drawing, it has a weight fufpended to one end, and a fmaller 



' weight to the other ; the fnjall weight is only to keep the 



I rope tight, but the large weight tends to turn the rollers 



; and endlefs cloth round in a direction to deliver out the 



; cardings, fo that there will be no llrain on them. 



I Every time that the carriage is wheeled home, the large 



weight is wound up by means of a piece of wood projecting 



I from the carriage, which feizes a knot in the cord at the part 



I which lies horizontally ; this puihes the cord back a certain 



1 ^ilance, fo as to draw up the great weight ; but the endlefs 



I cloth cannot turn backwards, becaufe there is a ratchet and 



i click at one end of the roller which prevents it ; the rope, 



', therefore, flips round upon the roller. When the carriage 



, retires, the great weight turns the roller and endlefs cloth 



i round, fo as to deliver out the cardings at the fame rate as 



I the carriage retreats and takes them up ; but when the pro- 



' per quantity is given out, the knot in the rope arrives at a 



r fixed ftop, which does not permit it to move any farther ; 



; and at the fame inftant the roller 5 quits the lever 6, and 



i allows the upper rail G of the clafp to fall, and hold the 



I carding fad from being drawn out any farther ; the wheel E 



! is then put in motion to turn the fpindles round, and the 



'Carriage is drawn back, which extends the flubbings, and 



;iwifts them at the fame time, as before mentioned. 



1 When the carriage is drawn out to its full extent, and 



[the neceflary twift is given, the wire 8 ie put down to bear 



;down the flubbing from the point of the fpindle, and the 



Imotion of the wheel being continued, the flubbings arewound 



iup upon the middle part of the cop or ball which is formed 



jupon the fpindle ; but as fad as the flubbings are wound up, 



[the fpinner muft pufli back the carriage towards the clafp ; 



iind he muft turn the whee! round at fuch a rate that the 



: Vol. XXXVIlf. 



fpindles will not wind up any fafter than the carriage returns^ 

 otherwife the flubbings would be broken or unequally 

 ftretched ; he muft alfo raife and lower the wire 8 con- 

 tinually, by turning the rail 4 round in his hand, in order 

 to diftribute the flubbing on the cop in a regular manner, fo 

 as to make a firm ball or cop. 



A child attends the machine to bring the cardings from 

 the carding-machine, and place them upon the inclined 

 cloth ; and when they are exhaufted, frefli ones are joined 

 on, fo as to keep the machine conftantly fupplied. 



The degree of twift which is given to the flubbing is 

 regulated by the difcretion of the fpinner in turning the 

 wheel at a proper rate, correfponding to the quicknefs 

 with which he draws out the carriage. Slubbings which 

 are intended to be fpun into yarn for the warp of the cloth 

 require to be more twifted than the flubbings intended for 

 the weft ; but the proper quantity of twift depends on the 

 finenefs of the wool, and the length of its fibres. In general 

 it inay be ftated, that no more twift is given to the flubbings 

 than is neceftary to make them draw out to the required 

 extent without breaking. This twift is of no ufe to the 

 yarn, becaufe the flubbing will be twifted in the contrary 

 direftion, when it is fpun the fecond time in the jenny. 



An improved flubbing-machine has been introduced, 

 which is put in motion by the mill, and the carriage is made 

 to draw out by the power of the machine. The fpinner 

 has only to pufti the carriage in, and turn the handle, in order 

 to wind up the flubbings ; by this means, a greater degree of 

 regularity is attained in tlie quantity of twift which is 

 given to the flubbings when they are drawn out. The 

 movements to effeft this are taken from the mule ufed in 

 cotton-fpinning. See ManufaSure of CoTTON. 



Spinning Jenny — In this machine, the flubbings are fpun 

 over again, and reduced to the requifite finenefs for weaving. 

 The jenny has nearly the fame parts as the billy, but differ- 

 ently arranged. The fpindles are placed at one end of the 

 frame, and the clafp which holds the flubbings is placed on 

 the carriage, fo that it can be moved backwards and for- 

 wards, to and from the fpindles by the fpinner, in order to 

 draw out and extend the yarn at the fame time it is twifted. 



A perfpeftive view of the jenny is given in Plate II. 

 Woollen ManufaSure. 



The fpindles 3, 3, 3, are placed perpendicularly at about 

 four inches afunder at one end of the frame A A of the 

 machine. The lower extremities of the fpindles are pointed, 

 and turn in fmall cups or fockets in a crofs-rail of the 

 frame ; they are fupported near the middle of their length 

 by pafling through brafs-coUars in a horizontal rail. Near 

 the lower end of each fpindle a fmall pulley is fixed, to re- 

 ceive an endlefs band, which pafles round the horizontal 

 cylinder or roller 2, about fix inches diameter. The cy- 

 linder is fupported on pivots at its ends in the fides of the 

 frame, and lying in a diredlion parallel to the row of fpin- 

 dles, it turns them all round by a fmall band for each. 

 This cylinder is ufually made of tin-plate, that it may not 

 alter its figure by the weather, as wood would do ; and its 

 furface is covered with coarfe brown paper, to prevent the 

 bands from flipping upon it. The cylinder ? is put in 

 motion by a ftrap or band i, i, which pafles round a pulley 

 at the end of it, and alfo rouud the great wheel B B, which 

 is fupported in a framing fufpended over the machine 

 from the ceiling, but which is not fliewn in the drawing. 

 The wheel B is turned by applying the right-hand to the 

 winch B. In front of the row of fpindles, and about a 

 foot higher than their points, a long crofs-rail 16 is 

 fituated horizontally : it is fupported at each extremity by 

 being mortifed into blocks of wood c c, which are fumilhed 

 4 P with 



