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work above-defcribed is fubjeft to the imperfeaion of 

 not being perfedly faft ; that is, the goods thus pro- 

 duced will not bear frequent waOiing hke thofe which are 

 done by the bath of madder or bark. In this connedion 

 with permanent colours, Mr. Parkes is led to mention a very 

 valuable green, not long ago invented by a Mr. Iflet of 

 London, fecured to him by patent, which was produced by 

 printino- ground indigo, mixed with a peculiar kind of folu- 

 tion of^tin, and then faftening the indigo within the fibres of 

 the cahco, by means of that procefs denominated chtna-blue 

 dipping. ( See Dipping. ) After this, the goods are to be 

 dyed in a copper of bark or weld, which converts the blue 

 into a green, and the whites are to be cleanfed by croft- 

 bleaching, &c. . 



In another kind of difcharge-work, the agent that is em- 

 ployed is the citric acid, in various degrees of concentration, 

 according to the purpofe to which it is to be appUed, or tlie 

 flrength of the ground intended to be difcharged. This is 

 employed chiefly for the produftion of white figures upon 

 felf -coloured grounds produced by madder and fundry other 

 dyes. The acid for this purpofe is mixed with either gum 

 or pafte to a proper confiftency for the black, the plate, or 

 the cyHnder, and from thence it is transferred to the piece ; 

 and wherever it attacks, the mordant, whether iron or alu- 

 mine, is difcharged, and a delicate white appears in its ftead. 

 In ufing citric acid for this purpofe, a portion of one of the 

 mineral acids is fometimes mixed with it. There is another 

 fpecies of difcharge, on which the agent employed by the 

 printers is the nitrous, and fometimes the nitro-muriatic 

 acid. See Discharging of Colour and Colour. 



WORKALLEN, in Geography, a town of Pruffia, in 

 Oberland ; 4 miles S.W. of Liebftadt. 



WORK-HOUSE, a place where indigent, vagrant, and 

 idle people are fet to work, and maintained with clothing, 

 diet, &c. See House of Corredion. 



Such are the Bridewells, and feveral other places about 

 the city of London, or fuburbs ; fuch alfo was the found- 

 ation of that in Bifliopfgate-ftreet, for employing the poor 

 children of the city and hberties, who have no fettlement ; 

 and that for the parifh of St. Margaret's, Weftminfter, 

 called the Grey-coat hofpital. 



By 43 Ehz. cap. 2. the church-wardens and overfeers, 

 with the confent of two juftices, are empowered to fet to 

 work the children of the poor and other deftitute perfons, 

 and to provide for the relief of the lame, old, blind, and 

 fuch as are poor, but not able to work ; and they may 

 ereft, with the leave of the lord of the manor, on any 

 wafte or common, of which the parifli is parcel, convenient 

 houfes of dwelling for the poor. { See Poor. ) By 

 3 Car. IV. they may fet up and ufe any trade, merely for 

 the employment and rehef of the poor. By 9 Geo. cap. 7. 

 they may contraA for the maintenance and employment of 

 the poor in houfes purchafed or hired ; and poor perfons 

 refufing to be lodged and maintained in fuch houfes, fhall 

 be put out of the parifti-books, and not entitled to receive 

 relief from the church-wardens and overfeers ; and two or 

 more parifties are allowed to unite in lodging their refpec- 

 tive poor in one houfe ; and the officers of one parifh are 

 allowed to contraft with thofe of another for the main- 

 tenance, &c. of their poor. Moreover, by 8 & 9 Will, 

 cap. 30. parifh poor that are relieved are required to wear 

 on the Ihoulder of the right fleeve of the uppermoft gar- 

 ment, in red or blue cloth, a large Roman P, together with 

 the firft letter of the name of the parifh or place to which 

 they belong. By 24 Geo. II. cap. 43. no fpirituous 

 liquor fhall be fold or ufed in any work-houfe, or houfe of 

 entertainment for parilh poor. The ftatute 22 Geo. III. 



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cap. 83. eflablifhes many new regulations with regard to 

 the maintenance of the poor ; but leaves it optional in any 

 parifh or place whether they will adopt thefe, or retain the 

 prefent mode. At Amfterdam they have a famous work- 

 houfe, or houfe of correftion, called the Rafphuyfe, (which 

 fee,) which, by a privilege granted in 1602, has alone the 

 right of (having and cutting the dyer's woods, as brafil, 

 fantal, campechy, fafTafras, &c. Each perfon, tolerably 

 flrong, kept in the houfe, is obhged to furnifh two hun- 

 dred and fifty pounds of rafped wood per day ; and the 

 weaker, a certain proportionable quantity of chips. 



WORKING to Windward, in Sea Language, denotes 

 the operation by which a ftiip endeavours to make a pro- 

 grefs againftthe wind. See Beating, Plying, Tacking, 

 and Turning. 



Working Furnace. See Furnace. 



Working of Glafs. See Glass. 



WORKINGTON, in Geography, a confiderable market 

 and fea-port town in the ward of AUerdale-above-Derwent, 

 county of Cumberland, England, is fituated on the borders 

 of the river Derwent, at the diftance of 34 miles S.W. by 

 W. from Carhfle, and 310 miles N.W. by N. from Lon- 

 don. The manor was anciently pofTefTed by the Culwens, 

 now Curwens, a family of great confequence in the county, 

 of whom eight out of ten, in fucceflive defcent, were knights 

 of the fhire. The prefent importance of the town has 

 originated from the working of the collieries fince the reign 

 of queen Elizabeth, at which period the entire maritime 

 ftrength of the county confifled of only twelve veffels, 

 though the number now belonging to this port alone is 

 more than 160, and many of them are from one to three 

 hundred tons burthen. Thefe are principally engaged in 

 the exportation of coals to Ireland, and fome few to the 

 Baltic. The river is navigable to the town for fhips of' 

 four hundred tons ; and on each bank, near the mouth, are 

 piers. The harbour is one of the fafefl on the coaft ; and 

 many improvements have been recently made in the fituation 

 and conftruftion of the quays. The appearance of the town 

 is diverfified : feveral of the ancient flreets are narrow and 

 irregular ; thofe of modern ereftion are better formed ; the 

 public buildings are all of late date. The houfes are prin- 

 cipally difpofed in two clutters : in that called the Upper 

 Town a new fquare has been erefted, in the area of which 

 is the corn-market ; at a httle diftance are the butchers' 

 fhambles. The church, a neat edifice, contains the monu- 

 ment of fir Patrick Curwen, baronet, who died in 166 1. 

 In the town are meeting-houfes for Prefbyterians and 

 Methodifts, and a Catholic chapel ; alfo a theatre and an 

 affembly-room. Two large weekly markets are held on 

 Wednefdays and Saturdays for meat and other provifions. 

 Corn is fold only on the Wednefdays, which is the prin- 

 cipal market-day. Here are alfo two annual fairs for cattle^ 

 but of no great note. The principal manufactures are thofe 

 of fail-cloth and cordage, and every thing connefted with 

 fhipping. VefTels of from four to five hundred tons, copper- 

 bottomed, are built here, and fold to the merchants of 

 Liverpool, Cork, &c. In the population return of the 

 year 181 1, the town of Workington is ftated to contain 

 1059 houfes, and 5807 inhabitants. The parifh includes the 

 townfhips of Great Chfton, Little Clifton, Stainburn, and 

 Winfcales, making an addition of 726 to the population, 

 and of l6l to the number of houfes. 



On an eminence, near the eaft end of the town, over- 

 looking the river Derwent, is Workington-hall, the feat 

 of John Chriftian Curwen, efq., who has nearly rebuilt it, 

 from the defigns of Mr. Carr of York, and greatly extended 

 and improved the park and pleafure-grounds. The old 



manfion, 



