WORSTED MANUFACTURE. 



motion will draw the wool in ; the fliver is then condufted 



i I through the other rollers, as (hewn in the figure : when the 



: fliver has pafled half through, the end of another fliver is 



: placed upon the middle of the firft, and they pafs through 



'i i together ; when this fecond is paffed half through, the end 



• , ofa third is applied upon the middle of it, and in this way 



" the ftiort flivers produced by the combing are joined into 



one regular and even fliver. ' 



The lower roller C receives its motion from the mill, by 



means of a pulley upon the end of its axis, and an endlefs 



ftrap. The roller which is immediately over it is borne 



down by a heavy weight i, fufpended from hooks, which 



pafs over the pivots of the upper roller. The fourth pair 



of rollers D moves with the fame velocity as C, being turned 



by means of a fmall wheel upon the end of the axis of the 



IroUer C, which turns a wheel of the fame fize upon the 



iaxis of the roller D, by means of an intermediate wheel il, 



■ iwhjch makes both rollers turn the fame way round. The 



' j firft and fecond pairs of rollers, A and B, move only one-third 



' ;as quick as C and D, in order to draw out the (liver between 



B and C to three times the length it was when put on 



I the planking-table. The flow motion of the rollers A is 



(given by a large wheel a, fixed upon the axis of the 



! roller A, and turned by the intermediate cog-wheels 



i,c,znAd; the latter communicates between the rollers C 



;andD. The pinions on the rollers C and D being only 



I one-third the fize of the wheel a, C and D turn three times 



las fall as A, for b, c, and d, are only intermediate wheels. 



; The rollers B turn at the fame rate as A. The upper roller 



i^ is loaded with a heavy weight, fimilar to the rollers A ; but 



!the other rollers, B and D, are no farther loaded than the 



weight of the rollers. 



The two pairs of rollers A B and C D are mounted in 

 'Teparate frames, and that frame which contains the third and 

 ' fourth pairs, C D, Aides upon the caft-iron frame F, which 

 i fiipports the machine, in order to increafe or diminilh the 

 ' diilance between the rollers B and C. There is a fcrewy, 

 I by which the frame of the rollers is moved, fo as to adjuit 

 I the machine according to the length of the fibre of the 

 ' wool. The fpace between B and C (hould be rather more 

 ! than the length of the fibres of the wool. The intermediate 

 wheels b and c arc fupported upon pieces of iron, which are 

 ' moveable on centres : the centre for the piece which fup- 

 ' ports the wheel b is concentric with the axis of the roller A ; 

 and the fupporting piece for the wheel c is fitted on the 

 ' centre of the wheel d. By moving thefe pieces, the inter- 

 I mediate wheels b and c can be always kept in cotitaft, al- 

 ■ though the diilance between the rollers is varied at times. 

 I By means of this breaking-frame, the perpetual fliver which 

 ! is made up by planking the flivers together is equalized, 

 ! and drawn out three times in length, and delivered into 

 the can G. 



Drawing-Frame. — Three of thefe cans are removed to 

 the drawing-frame, which is fimilar to the breaking-frame, 

 ' except that there is no planking-table E. There are five 

 j fets of rollers, all fixed upon one common frame F, the 

 i breaking-frame which we have defcribed being the firft. 

 ' As faft as the fliver comes through one fet of rollers, it is 

 ' received into a can, and then three of thefe cans are put 

 1 together, and palTed again through another fet of rollers. 

 ' In the whole, the wool rauft pafs through the breaker 

 j and four drawing-frames before the roving is begun. The 

 [ draught being ufually four times at each operation of draw- 

 i ing, and three times in the breaking, the whole will be 

 j 3x4x4x4x4 = 768 ; but to fuit dilferent forts 

 ' of wool, the three laft drawing-frames are capable of 

 ' making a greater draught, even to five times, by changing 



the pinions ; accordingly the draught will be 3x4x5 

 X J X 5 = 1500 times. 



The fize of the fliver is diminiflied by thefe repeated 

 drawmgs, becaufe only three (livers are put together, and 

 they are drawn out four times ; fo that in the whole, 

 the fliver is reduced to a fourth or a ninth of its orio-inal 

 bulk. ^ 



The breaking-frame and drawing-frame, which are nfed 

 when the flivers are prepared by the combing-machines, are 

 differently conftrufted ; they have no planking -table, but re- 

 ceive three of the perpetual flivers of the combing-machine 

 from as many tin cans, and draws them out from ten to 

 twelve times. In this cafe, all the four rollers contribute to 

 the operation of drawing : thus the fecond rollers B move 

 2^ times as faft as the rollers A ; the third rollers C move 

 8 times as faft as A ; and the fourth rollers E move 10^ 

 times as faft as A. In this cafe, the motion is given to the 

 different rollers by means of bevelled wheels, and a horizon- 

 tal axis, which extends acrofs the ends of all the four rollers, 

 to communicate motion from one pair of rollers to another. 



There are three of thefe fyftems of rollers, which are all 

 mounted on the fame frame ; and the firft one, through 

 which the wool paffes, is called the breaking-frame, but it 

 does not differ from the others, which are called drawing- 

 frames. The flivers which have paffed through one fyftem 

 of rollers are coUefted four or five together, and put 

 through the drawing-rollers. In all, the flivers pafs through 

 three drawings, and the whole extenfion is feldom lefs than 

 1 000 times, and for fome kinds of wool much greater. 



After the drawing of the flivers is fini(hed, a pound, 

 weight is taken, and is meafured by means of a cylinder, in 

 order to afcertain if the drawing has been properly con- 

 dutted ; if the fliver does not prove of the length propofed, 

 according to the fize of wor(led which is intended to be 

 fpun, the pinions of fome of the drawing-frames are changed, 

 to make the draught more or lefs, until it is found by 

 experiment that one pound of the fliver meafures the re- 

 quired length. 



Roving-Frame. — This is provided with rollers the fame as 

 the drawing-frames : it takes in one or two flivers together, 

 and draws them out four times. By this extenfion, the fliver 

 becomes fo fmall, that it would break with the flighteft 

 force, and it is therefore neceffary to give fome twift ; this is 

 done by a fpindle and flyer. ( See_/?g-. 6. ) A B are the two 

 pairs of rollers, between which the fliver is paffed ; the firft 

 rollers A turn round flowly, but the others B revolve four 

 times as quick, to draw the fliver to four times its original 

 length ; and as faft as it iffues from the roller, it is twifted 

 by the motion of the fpindle C, and wound up upon the 

 bobbin a. The fpindle C is put in motion by a whip-cord 

 band, which paffes round the pulley c, and alfo round the 

 wheel D. This wheel is fixed on a vertical axis e, which has a 

 pinion on the upper end, to give motion to the lower roller 

 B, by means of a bevelled wheel upon the end of its axis. 

 The oppofite end of the axis has alfo a bevelled pinion upon 

 it, to give motion to a bevelled wheel fixed upon an horizon- 

 tal axis, which carries another bevelled pinion, to give 

 motion to a bevelled wheel fixed upon the end of the axis 

 of the back rollers A. The fizes of thefe wheels and 

 pinions are fo proportioned, that the back rollers A turn 

 only once to every four turns of the front rollers B, as 

 before mentioned. 



The back rollers are capable of being fet at a greater or 

 lefs diftance from the front rollers, according to the length 

 of the fibres of the wool, and in all cafes the diftance fhould 

 be rather more than the length of the fibres, but not a great 

 deal. 



4X2 The 



