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proper to be applied over all. If the wound be deep and 

 narrow, it mull be enlarged at the orifice, and turpentine 

 and wax, melted in lard, muR be poured into it. Tlie iame 

 rule of opening the orifice holds good in all deep and narrow 

 wounds. 



If a nerve happens to be cut, it mufl be clofed, ajid a 

 defeufative muft be applied, to prevent a concourfe of 

 humours to the part ; a fomentation made of oil, wine, and 

 honey, mixed together, is alfo very proper, wherever a 

 nerve is hurt, and a poultice may be applied over all, 

 made of marfhmallow-roots boiled foft, with bread and 

 milk. 



If the horfe happens to be wounded by a piece of wood, 

 bone, or any other hard fubftance, part of v/liich remains in 

 the wound, this mull be carefully taken out, whatever pain 

 it may cod the creature to do it, and the wound muft then 

 be drelTed with the common wound-ointments. In this, or 

 any other cafe of a frefh wound, the wafhing it with oil of 

 turpentine is an excellent method of preventing ill confe- 

 quences. 



Wounds in Trees, fuch as are caufed in lopping and 

 pruning their branches, or otherwife. Mr. Nichol, in his 

 " Prailical Planter," has (hewn, tliat lopping of ftrong 

 branches becomes not neceflary, and that all wounding in 

 pruning fliould be performed on or towards the extre- 

 mities of boughs which have inferior laterals to partake of 

 and divert their luxuriance of growth from injuring the 

 ftem or leader. It is alfo (liewn, that from this mode 

 little ill is to be apprehended, and confequently that the 

 treatment of fuch wounds is fimple, and which is fo much 

 the better for the plant and the intereft of its owner. Such 

 wounds require no other attention than Jseing lopped clean 

 off with a (liarp knife or bill ; and, if the faw is ufed, being 

 afterwards fmoothed with the knife. And it were to be 

 wifhed, for the fake of much timber, which otherwife might 

 have been rendered more valuable, that wounds of another 

 defcription had been unneceffary, or had never been in- 

 flifted. The writer here alludes to the neceffity of lopping 

 by the bole all (lumps, &c. occafioned by formerly -inju- 

 dicious pruning, and the wanton folly of thofe jvho lop 

 large branches by or near to the ftem, when fimply 

 ftiortening them at a proper diftance would anfwer a better 

 purpofe. But fince it becomes neceflary to clear formerly- 

 injured trees of ftumps, &c. in order to prevent farther 

 decay, it alfo becomes a duty to follow the moft rational 

 and fimple mode of treatment. With this view, it is briefly 

 obferved, that whenever it becomes neceflary to lop a 

 ftump by the bole, or to (horten any branch larger than the 

 wrift or ankle ; in the former cafe, the wound ftiould be 

 to the quick, that is, to the level of the bark, on the ftem at 

 leaft ; and in the latter, obliquely acrofs the branch, fo as, 

 from its pofition, to prevent moifture from lodging : being 

 careful to prevent laceration, by notching the bark under- 

 neath, before the amputated part falls down, or to one fide. 

 In both cafes, the face of the wound and edges cf the bark 

 are to be made perfetlly fmooth with the knife ; and in a 

 few hours after, or fo foon as they are quite dry, let the 

 wound be carefully plaftered with tar, (fuch as is ufed for 

 fheep-fmearing, ) or laid over with white or blue lead, which 

 has been well mixed up with oil, and rendered rather thicker 

 than is commonly ufed for1)ainting. The tar is, however, 

 certainly preferable, being of a more healing nature ; and 

 if laid on in a thin ftate, it is not fo apt to fcale off by the 

 aftion of the weather as the paint. This operation ftiould 

 be performed in the fall of the year ; at which time, the 

 wound is not fo apt to crack, and likewife dries fooner 

 than at any other fcafon. If, however, in the courfe of the 



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enfuing fummer, or at any fubfequent period, the tar or 

 paini is found to rend or fcale off, care muft be taken \rt 

 renew and keep the plailer found and fmooth, until the 

 bark grow over and cover the wound ; and this ftiould be 

 more particularly obferved in refpeft of wounds on the 

 trunk. 



In the cafe oi polling a tree, lopping an upright branch, 

 or in training for ftiip-timber, flopping the leader, &c. 

 when, from the upright pofition of the wounded part in 

 queftion, plaftering or painting, as above, might be deemed 

 infufficient to prevent water from penetrating, and of con- 

 fequence injuring the wood at the part affecled ; yet by this 

 treatment, infeftion, or the farther decay of the reft of the 

 tree, will be prevented. But there are fome who ridicule 

 th? idea of ufing plafter of any kind, urging for argument 

 that the bark cjrows as faft together of itfelf without this 

 aid, and why bury in the heart of the tree a load of rubbifli ? 

 But they certainly have not confidered, that a decayed 

 part of the vegetable being buried in its heart, cannot 

 poflibly again be renovated, or become found timber ; but, 

 on the contrary, muft operate to the corruption of the reft. 

 And this queftion, why bury in the tree a load of rubbifti i 

 leads, it is laid, to a decifion in favour of ufing tar, fince, 

 befides that the body inclofed is quite thin, it is of a genial, 

 healing nature, adls as a cement to the frafture, and after- 

 wards becomes equally found as the wood. 



And this may be demonftrated by examining fir-trees 

 which have been wantonly hacked deeply, had holes bored 

 into them for faftening gates to, which have afterwards 

 been removed, and above all in the operation of extrafting 

 rofin ; in all which cafes, the wound is clofed up by the 

 refinous juice of the tree, and generally becomes perfeftly 

 found as the reft of the wood, although a blemifli may be 

 the confequence. Wherefore, with refpeft to refinous trees, 

 nature prevents the neceflity of our interference in the cure 

 of wounds, other than the frafture of limbs ; which it is 

 certainly our duty to amputate, in order to prevent farther 

 decay and unfightly appearance ; but ftie will haftily cover 

 the wound with the plafter fuperior to any we can prepare. 



Wound- ^or/, in Botany, the name given to feveral 

 fpecies belonging to different genera. 



WovUD-lVort of Achilles. See ACHILLEA. 



WovUD-fVort, Clown's, a fpecies of flachys. See 

 Stachys. 



WovtiD-Wort, Hercules's, or All-heal, the laferpitium 

 ehironium of Linnaus. This is a native of the warmer 

 climates, and bears the colds of our own. Both the feeds 

 and roots of this fpecies are confiderably warmer than 

 thofe of the garden and wild parfnep. The roots and 

 ftalks have a ftrong fmell and tafte, refembling thofe of 

 opoponax : and Boerhaave relates, that on wounding the 

 plant in fummer, he obtained a yellow juice, which, being 

 infpiflated a little in the fun, agreed perfeftly, in both 

 refpefts, with that exotic gum-refin. Lewis. See Laser- 



PITIUM. 



Wou ND-/f orr, Saracen's, folidago. See Solidago. 



Wound- ^Tort, True Saracen's, a fpecies oi fenecio. Sec 

 Senecio. 



WOUNICS, in Geography, a town of Auftrian Poland ; 

 32 miles E.S.E. of Cracow. 



WOUTERS, Francis, in Biography, was born atLiere, 

 in Brabant, in 1614. He was a ftudent in the fchool of 

 Rubens, but applied himfelf pnncipally to landfcape, and 

 became one of the moft eminent of his time. He chofe for 

 his models the fcenes of his native country, and particularly 

 the foreft of Soignes, near Brufl"els ; embelliftiing the views 

 he chofe with groups of figures reprefenting hiftorical or 

 r E 2 allegoricar 



