X E K 



X E K 



Nat. Ord. CompoftU 



105th Olympiad ( B.C. 359), his life terminated, at the age of order, Syngenejia Polygamia-fuperfua. 



about 90. As a philofopher, he was an ornament to the So- nucamentacea, Linn. Corymbifera, Juff. 

 cratic fchool by his integrity, piety, and moderation; and in Gen. Ch. Common Calyx imbricated; fcales numerous, 



hi8 whole military conduft, he was diftinguilhed by an admir- elliptic-lanceolate, fcariofe, permanent, the inner ones much 



able union of wifdom and valour. As a writer, he has pre- longer than the diflc, coloured, forming a radiant crown to 



fented to fucceeding ages a model of purity, fimplicity, and the whole compound flower. Cor. compound, fomewhat 



harmony of language, exprefling fentiments truly Socratic. unequal ; florets of the difli very numerous, all perfeft, 



By his wife Phitefia he had two fons, Gryllus and Diodorus ; tubular, funnel-fhaped, much fhorter than the calyx, in five 



the former of whom ended his life with mihtary glory in the equal fpreading fegments ; thofe of the circumference fewer, 



battle of Mantinea. The news of his fon's death was com- female, tubular, fomewhat two-lipped, with five unequal 



municated to him whilft he was offering facrifice ; and upon 

 receiving it, he took the crown from his head, uttering with 

 a figh thefe memorable words, " I knew that my fon was 

 mortal :" but when he heard that he had fought bravely, and 

 died with honour, he again put on the crown, and finirtied 

 the facrifice. As an hiftorian, he may be confidered in his 

 " Hellenics" as the continuator of Thucydides, and as 

 having brought down the affairs of Greece to the battle of 

 Mantinea. His " Cyropsdia," or " Inftitution of Cyrus," 

 IS generally regarded as a work of fidion rather than of 

 real hidory, exhibiting, under the name of the elder Cyrus, 

 the pifture of a perfed prince, according to his own con- 

 ception of the charafter. His " Anabafis" (or Afcent) is 

 an account of that memorable expedition of the younger 

 Cyrus, in which he himfelf appears fo confpicuous. This 

 work appeared under the name of Themiftogenes of Syra- 

 cufe, to whom Xeiiophon himfelf afcribes it ; neverthelefs 

 it has been univerfally afcribed to Xenophon : but if this be 

 the cafe, it muft have been written from memory, long after 

 the events, whic'h are differently related by Diodorus. 

 Among his political works we may enumerate his accounts 

 of "The Republic and Laws of Sparta;" "Of the Re- 

 public of Athens and its Revenues ;" his " Praifeof Age- 

 filaus ;" and his " Hiero, or Dialogue on Tyranny." 

 Of a mifcellaneous clafs, he wrote a treatife on " Oecono- 

 mics;" " On Hunting ;" and " On the OfBce of Mafter of 



fegments. Stam. (in the perfeft florets) Filaments five, 

 capillary, very fhort ; anthers forming a cylinder rather 

 longer than the corolla. Pifl. (in the fame florets) Germen 

 fhort ; ftyle thread-fhaped, longer than the flamens ; ftigma 

 cloven : in the female florets, Stam. none. Pijl. Germen 

 and flyle as in the perfeft florets ; ftigma finiple, club- 

 fhaped. Peric. none, except the calyx fcarcely at all 

 altered, except being clofed. Seed in both kinds of florets 

 alike, oblong ; down a row of taper-pointed narrow fcales. 

 Recept. flattifh, clothed with linear acute fcales, rather 

 longer than the florets. 



Eff. Ch. Receptacle fcaly. Down of taper-pointed 

 fcales. Calyx imbricated, its inner fcales forming a coloured 

 fpreading radius. 



Obf. Gaertner has long ago obferved, what indeed no 

 one could overlook, that the eflential charafter of this 

 genus, as given by Linnaeus, anfwers to his firfl fpecies 

 only, X. annuum. This ftands in the Syjl. Veg. making a 

 feftion by itfelf, charafterized by a chaffy receptacle ; 

 whereas the other feAions, " with a naked receptacle," re- 

 ceive all the numerous fpecies befides, and direftly contra- 

 dift the generic charafter, " receptaculu/n paleaceum.^' 

 Gartner, Juffieu, and Willdenow, have properly correfted 

 this overfight, as we have fhewn under Elichrysum. The 

 true Xeranthemum, therefore, would be left with a folitary 

 fpecies, fuificiently well marked indeed to be fo diftin- 



the Horfe." The charafter of Xenophon, pourtrayed in guifhed, as far as the Linnaean fpecies go. But our great 



us writings, feems to have exemphfied virtue and humanity, " ' " ' 



Jcmd and generous feelings, and a confiderable degree of 

 piety blended with fuperltition. In his Anabafis he exhibits 

 a lingular degree of credulity and regard to celeftial warn- 

 ings, wluch, in his view of them, governed his condud, and 

 were miraculoufly verified by the event. For his preference 

 of the Spartan to the Athenian government and manners, 

 derogating from his patriotifm, the only apology is his ba- 

 nifhment. His ftyle has been always admired for its purity, 

 fimphcity, and clearnefs ; and his works are reckoned 

 amongft the moft popular of the Greek clafl'ics, and have 

 pafled, coUeaively and feparately, through feveral editions. 

 Laertius. iElian. Hitt. Var. Fabr. Bib. Grxc. vol. ii. 

 Brucker's Philof. by Enfield, vol. i. 



XENOXUA, in Geography, a town of European Turkey, 

 Mnn.^.,n., . 36 n,ii„ s.E. of Akrida. 



in Macedonia ; 



XEQUETEPEQUE, a town of Peru, in the govern- 

 ment of TruxiUo, on the Pafca Mayo ; SS miles N. of 

 Iruxillo. 



XERANTHEMUM, in Botany, from ^r.^oc, dry, and 

 a»So;, afiower, a name well adapted to exprefs-the dry and 

 durable nature of the flowers of the prefent genus, one of 



the tribe populariy denominated Everlafting Flowers 



-^'""-..p'^."- 420. Schreb. 551, excluding Xeranthemoides 

 of DiUenius. Willd. Sp. PI. v. 3. 1901. Mart. Mill. 

 lJi«. V. 4, the firft feaion only Sm. Prodr. Fl. Grxc. 

 Sibth. V. 2. 172. Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 5. 20. Tourn. 

 t. 284. Juff. 179, excluding Eliehryfum of Touniefort. 

 Lamarck lUuftr. t. 692. f. i. Q^rtn. t. 165.— Clafs and 



mafter is proved to have confounded feveral together, under 

 his X. annuum. Willdenow diflinguifhes three fpecies, two- 

 of which we cannot feparate, but we fhall fubjoiu a fourth. 

 They were all known to Tournefort, who indeed divides 

 them ftill further, miftaking double or white flowered va- 

 rieties as fpecies. The root of the whole genus is annual. 

 Herb ereft, rigid, alternately branched, clothed with fine, 

 white, clofe, cottony down, eafily rubbed off. Leaves 

 alternate, felTile, lanceolate, acute, undivided, entire; taper- 

 ing at the bafe. Floiuers folitary, on long, terminal, 

 flightly fcaly, ftalks. Outer fcales of the calyx roundilh, 

 membranous and fhining, at leaft at the edges ; inner ob- 

 long, fpreading while in flower, purple or brownifh, occa- 

 fionally white, very brilliant and ornamental. 



I. X. annuum. Purple Xeranthemum, or Everlafting 

 Flower. Linn. Sp. PI. 1201. Willd. n. i. Ait. n. i. 

 Prodr. Fl. Graec. n. 2045. Jacq. Auftr. t. 388. Mill. 

 lUutlr. t. 67. Mill. Ic. t. 279. (X. flore fimplici, pur- 

 pureo, majore ; Tourn. Inft. 499, with perhaps the five 

 following of that author. X. incanum non fostens, flore 

 majore; Morif. feft. 6. t. 12. f. 2. Ptarmica auftriaca; 

 Cluf. Hift. v. 2. II. Ger. Em. 607. n-7:'.p//i)cii of Diof- 

 corides, according to Dr. Sibthorp.) 



(3. Linn. Sp. PI. 1201. (X. inapertum ; Willd. n. 2. 

 Ait. n. 2 ; excluding the fynonym of Morifon. X. capi- 

 tulis inapertis ; Hall. Enum. 709. t. 23. X. n. 122; 

 Hall. Hift. v. I. 52. Ptarmica Impcrati ; Ger. Em. 606, 

 no figure. .Tacea oleae folio, minore flore ; Bauh. Pin. 

 272.) 



Outer calyx-fcales roundilh-elliptical, awned, fmooth at 

 II tlie 



