Y A R 



tide ; which U therefore thus given, cliiefly to point to the 

 more lenglliened dcfcription. 



Yap IJland, in Geography, one of the Rroup called Ca- 

 rolines ; which fee. In this iflatid, a kind of crocodile is 

 the objea of their worfhip. Here are alfo a number of 

 magicians, who impofe upon the credulity of the inhahitants, 

 by leading them to believe, that they have communication 

 with the evil fpirit ; and by tliis impofition, they commit 

 with impunity all forts of crimes. They procure mala- 

 dies and even death to thofe whom it is their intereft to 

 deftroy. 



YAPANDAIN, a town of the empire of Birmah, on 

 the Irawaddy ; 40 miles \V. of Ava. 



YAPIZLAGA, or Llanos de Manso, a province of 

 South America, in the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres, of 

 great extent, fituatcd to the fouth of the Vermejo river. 

 This country was formerly called Llanos de Manfo, or the 

 Plains of Manfo, from a captain of that name, who in 

 1556 undertook to build a town: but when he thought 

 himfelf in perfeft fecurity, he, with all his attendants, was 

 murdered by the Indians ; of whom there are feveral na- 

 tions. The country is but little known. 



YAPOC, a river of Surinam, which runs into the At- 

 lantic, near Cape Orange. 



YAPON, in Botany, a fpecies of ih\. See HoLLY. 

 YARACUI, in Geography, a river of Venezuela, which 

 runs into the Spanilh Maine, N. lat. 10° 28'. W. long. 

 68° 40'. 



YARANSK, a town of RufTia, in the government of 

 Viatka; 72 miles S.W. of Viatka. N. lat. 55= 36'. E. 

 long. 48^ 34'. 



YARAY, a K)wn of Africa, in the kingdom of Kayor ; 

 80 miles S.E. of Amboul. 



YARBA, a town of Africa, and capital of a country, 

 called Yarra ; 430 miles S.W. of Tombuftoo. 



YARD, V'lrga, a long meafure, ufed in England and 

 Spain ; chiefly to meafure cloth, (luffs, &c. 



The Englilh yard contains three feet. It was firft fet- 

 tled by Henry 1. from the length of his own arm. See 

 Measure. 



The Englifh yard is juft feven-ninths of the Paris ell j fo 

 that nine yards make feven ells. To reduce ells, therefore, 

 into yards, fay, If feven ells give nine yards, how many 

 yards will the given number of ells give \ 



Yards are converted into ells Flemilh, by adding a third 

 part ; into ells Englifh, by fubtrafting a fifth part ; or 

 multiplying by 8, and calling off the right-hand figure. 

 Ells Englifh are converted into yards, by adding a fourth. 

 To turn ells Flemifh into yards, fubtraft one quarter. 



The Spanifh vara, or yard, chiefly ufed at Seville, is, in 

 fome places, called barra. It contains feven twenty-fourths 

 of the Paris ell ; fo that feventeen ells make twenty-four 

 Spanifli yards. 



Yard, in Anatomy, the penis, or virile member; ferving 

 for the evacuating of the urine and feed. 



It is alfo the common name for the penis in mod 

 animals. 



Yard of Land, Virgata Terrn, or Virga Terra, is a 

 certain quantity of land, but that various, according to 

 the place. At Wimbledon, in Surrey, it is only 15 acres ; 

 but in moll other counties it contains 20, in fome 24, in 

 fome 30, and in others 40 or 45 acres. 



" Virgata terrx continet 24 acras ; et 4 virgatas con- 

 ftituunt unam hidam, et quinque hids conttituunt feodum 

 niiiitarc." MS. Abbat. Malmef. See Cakrucate, Hide, 

 3ad Knigiit'j Fee. 



Yard, in Agriculture. See YAR^i-rarJ. 



Y A R 



YwwManure. See FARM-Tare/, Compost, Dung, 

 Manurk, and Manuring. 



In order to prevent the vegetation of weeds in thin ma- 

 nure, the manure is turned up in the yard in rows when 

 it is about two feet in depth, leaving proper room between 

 each row to put the frefli dung from the llables, cow. 

 houfes, and hog-flies. After the manure thus thrown up 

 has got a fair heat, it is again turned over, which moflly 

 dellroys or prevents the weeds from growing, when the 

 manure is ready for being taken out upon the land. 



The ufes and powers of the long and Ibort yard dungy- 

 manure are very different in different flates of it. 



The opinions and pradlice of the farmers in the county 

 of Norfolk, in regard to the ufe of long or fhort dung or 

 yard manure, are much divided. Comparative trials are 

 wanting to fully afcertain this important point. 



It is, however, a prevailing idea in the above county, that 

 long dung is befl for flrong land, and fhort for light ioils ; 

 but that the general praftice is that of fpreading fliort in 

 all cafes. 



In ElTex, too, it is now the praftice of many enlightened 

 farmers to make ufe of long dung or yard manure with 

 great advantage ; though what may be faid to be the general 

 cuflom of the diflrift is to clamp and employ that which 

 is in the fhort Hate. Some farmers there, however, do not 

 like to fee their yard-manure too long in the heaps, a^ there 

 is lofs in turning it. In the praftice of dunging for wheat, 

 it was there obferved, on long and extenfive experience, 

 that it fhould be longfrejli dung, as the fuperiority of fuch 

 dung to that which the farmers fo generally prefer, fuch 

 as has been moved and turned over until quite rotten, was, 

 one load of it, worth fix of that of a year old and rotten, 

 as with fuch dung a crop of wheat is always certain. 



In Oxfordfliire, and many other counties, the fame is the 

 cafe with many farmers, though the common pradlice is to 

 mine and turn yard-manure until it is reduced into the fhort 

 flate, and then to apply it to the land. 



On this very interefling point of management, the writer 

 of a late work on Agricultural Chemiflry has fuggefled, 

 that a flight incipient fermentation is undoubtedly of ufe in 

 the heaps of this fort of manure, as by means of it a dif- 

 pofition is brought on in the woody fibre to decay and 

 dilTolve, when it is carried to the land, or ploughed into the 

 foil ; and that this fort of fibre is always in great cxcefs in 

 the refufe of the farm, efpecially that of the yards : but 

 that too great a degree of fermentation is very prejudicial 

 to fuch mixed yard-manure, when in the heaps ; and that it , 

 is better that there fhould be no fermentation at all before | 

 the manure is ufed, than that it fhould be carried too far, : 

 the excefs of fermentation tending to deflroy and didipatc 

 the niofl ufeful part of the manure. 



During the violent fermentation which is neceflary for 1 

 reducing farm-yard manure to the Rate in which it is termed 

 Jhort muck or dung, not only a large quantity of fluid, but 

 likewife of gafeous material is lofl ; infomuch that the dung : 

 or manure is reduced one-half, two-thirds, or more of its ; 

 weight ; and that the principal elaflic matter difengaged is • 

 carbonic acid with fome ammonia ; botii of which, if re- : 

 tained by the moiflure in the foil, would be capable of be- 1 

 coming an ufeful food or nourifhmeiit of plants, I 



Befidcs the diffipation of gafeous matter when ferment-- 

 ation is pufhed to the extreme, as in the cafe of fhort dung, ' 

 there is another difadvantage attending it in the lofs of 

 heat, which, if excited in the foil, is ufeful in promoting 

 the germination of the feed, and in afTifling the plant in the 

 firfl llage of its growth, when it is mofl feeble and mofl; 

 liable to difeafe : and the fermentation of the manure in the 



3 foil 



