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foil muft be particularly favourable to the wheat-crop, in 

 preferving a genial temperature beneath the furface late in 

 the autumn and during winter. Moreover, it is a general 

 principle in chemiftry, that in all cafes of decompofition, 

 fubftances combine much more readily at the moment or 

 time of their difengagement, than after they have been per- 

 feftly formed : and in fermentation beneath the foil the 

 fluid matter produced is applied inftantly, even while it is 

 warm, to the organs of the plant, and confetjuently is 

 more likely to be efficient, than in (hort dung or manure 

 that has gone through the procefs ; and of which all the 

 principles have entered into new combinations. 



The writings of fcientilic cultivators allege many ar- 

 guments and fafts which favour the application of yard- 

 dung in a frefh or long ftate ; and it is fuppofed, that 

 perhaps there is no fubjefit of invefligation in which there 

 is fuch an union of theoretical and practical evidence and 

 proof. 



The main objeftion againll the ufe of (lightly fermented 

 or long yard-dung or manure is, that weeds rife more luxu- 

 riantly and in greater numbers where it is had recourfe to : 

 but though feeds thus carried out will certainly fprout, it 

 is but feldom that this can b'' the cafe to any extent ; and 

 if the land be not clean of weeds, any kind of manure, long 

 or (hort, fermented or unfermented, will caufe their rapid 

 growth. 



The application of yard- dung, or manure in the long 

 Itate, is highly advantageous with regard to the quantity or 

 extent of the improvement which may be produced, as 

 nearly four loads of it are motlly required to form one of 

 the (hort kind. 



There is another queftion connecled with this fubjeft, 

 which is not of lefs interell or importance to the farmer to 

 have decided, which is that of the ("uperior advantage of 

 confuming the llraw of the farm by animals, or of having 

 it littered and trodden into dung or manure in the yards. 

 Many of the moll enbghtened farmers in the firll of the 

 above counties, the writer of the account of the agricul- 

 ture of it fays, are againft the former of thefe practices, 

 though a large part of them is in the cullom of it : and 

 they have frequently, too, recourfe to the method of buying 

 oil-cake, even often at a lofs, in order that their draw may 

 be trodden into dung or manure by fattening beafts, which 

 is an excellent management of the yard kind. 



Y AV.r>- Fallen, a term ufed among our farriers to exprefs 

 a malady to which horfes are fometimes fubject, which is 

 the hanging down of the penis from its (heath between the 

 legs, the creature not being able to draw it up again. This 

 is caufed by weaknefs of the peculiar mufcles which (hould 

 aft in the drawing up ; and proceeds (ometimes from a vio- 

 lent dip or drain, fometimes from a blow on the back, and 

 fometimes from extreme wearinefs in long journeys. 



The method of curing this is, (irft to wa(h it with oil of 

 rofes, after this with warm white wine, and (inally, to 

 anoint it with a mixture of oil of rofes and honey ; it is 

 then to be returned into its place, and kept from falling 

 down again by a little canvas bolder. It is to be thus 

 dreifed once in twenty-four hours, till the cure is per- 

 Fefted. 



There are fome other didemperatures to which this part 

 5 fubjeft in a horfe, as the being foul at the end, fo that 

 the creature voids his urine in the (heath ; in this ca(e, the 

 method of cure is to draw out the penis, and cleanfe the 

 ;nd of it from any foulnefs that may be found there ; then 

 t is to be wa{hed with butter and white wine vinegar melted 

 .ogether : fometimes there is a difcharge of yellow dinking 

 natter from the penis ; this is peculiar to done-horfes, and 

 Vol. XXXIX. 



principally affefts them after the time of their covering of 

 mares. 



This running is attended with a fwelling of the penis, 

 and with a pain in voiding the urine ; the creature alfo 

 (inds a difficulty in drawing up the penis into the (heath. 



The method of cure is, to dilTolve in a pint of white 

 wme an ounce of roach-alum by boiling ; ar.i four or five 

 times a day this is to be ufed, injefting it up into the 

 yard with a fyringe, blood-warm. This will prove a cer- 

 tain cure. 



Yakd-FouI, the filthy, furred date of the yard and 

 (heath in animals of the horfe kind, which fometimes pro- 

 duces difeafe. 



It is removed by well walhing and cleaning the parts, by 

 the free ufe of foft-foap and water. 



Yard, Mattering of, a difeafe in the yards of horfes, 

 produced by different caufes, in which matter is formed. 

 It is removed by the ufe of cooling wa(hes, and keeping 

 the parts clean and perfeftly free from dirt and naftinefs. 

 Yard, Sheep. See Sii&KP-Tard and Standing Fold. 

 Yakd, Stable. See Stable. 



Yard, Slack. See Y AKi.i-Taid, Stack, and Stack- 

 Tard. 



Yard, Straw. See Stravi -Tard. 

 Yards, in a Ship, are long cyhndrical pieces of fir-timber, 

 fufpended to the mads of (hips, &c. to extend the fails to the 

 wind. 



All yards arc cither fquare or latteen ; the former are fuf- 

 pended athwart the mads by the flings, at right angles, and 

 the latter at one-third their length, obhquely. 



The proportional lengths of yards are as follow, parti- 

 cularly in the royal navy : — Main-yard, eight-ninths the 

 length of the main-mad; fore -yard, feven-eighths of the main- 

 yard ; mizen-yard, fix-fevenths of the main-yard; main- 

 topfail-yard, five-fevenths of the main-yard ; fore-topfail- 

 yard, feven-eighths of the main-topfail-yard ; mizen-top- 

 fail-yard, two-thirds of the main-topfail-yard ; topgal- 

 lant-yards to 74-gun (hips, two-thirds all under three-fifths 

 of their topfail-yards ; royal-yards, half of the topfail-yards ; 

 crofs-jack-yard and fpi-itfail-yard, the fame as the fore-top(ail- 

 yard ; fpritfail-topfail-yard and driver-yard, the fame as the 

 fore-topgallant-yard ; and the dudding-fail-yards, four- 

 fevenths of their booms. 



Proportion of diameters of main and fore yards at the (lings 

 is one-quarter of an inch to every foot in their length • 

 mizen-yard, two-thirds the diameter of the main-yard ; top- 

 fail-yards, five-eighths of an inch to every yard in the length ; 

 topgallant-yards, three-fifths of an inch to every yard in the 

 length ; royal-yards, half the diameter of the topfail-yards ; 

 fpritfail-yard and crofs-jack-yard, the fame diameter as the 

 fore-topfail-yard ; fpritfail-topfail-yard and driver-yard, the 

 fame diameter as the fore -topgallant-yard ; and the dudding- 

 fail-yards, one inch diameter to every five feet in the 

 length. 



The fquare yards are of a cylindrical furface the greater 

 part of their length. They taper from the middle,- which 

 are called the Jlings, towards the extremities, which are 

 termed \he yard-arms ; and the didance between the (lings 

 and the yard-arms on each fide is divided into quarters, 

 which are didingui(hed into the fird, fecond, and third 

 quarters, and yard-arms, which are regularly tapered by 

 the following proportions. The fird quarter, or that next 

 the flings or middle, thirty thirty -ones of the given diame- 

 ter ; the fecond quarter, feven-eighths ; the third quarter, 

 feven-tenths ; and the arms or ends, three-fevenths. From 

 a middle line druck on the tree or fpar the yard is to be 

 made from, half of the fevcral dimenljons above is to be 



G fat 



