YARDS. 



let off, and the yard then fawn to its fiJir.g ; it is then 

 canted, and a middle hnc ftruck on one of thofe fides, and 

 the middle and the quarters fquared up thereon from the 

 middle line on the firll fide, and the fame diameters fet off as 

 before, then lined and fawn fquare to the upper fide ; it is 

 then fawn eight-fquare the whole length. 



The main and fore yards (fg. 17. RisS'"S' ■P'"''' I^O 

 arc then trimmed fixteen-fquare, and rounded from one 

 quarter on each fide the flings to the outer ends, except on 

 the aft-fide, which mult remain cight-fquarc two-quarters 

 on each fide the middle. The whole is then planed fair and 

 fmooth. 



In merchant (hips they have a (lieave-liole in their arms for 

 the topfail-fheets, ind arc left fquare the length of the 

 fheave-holc ; but this method weakens the lower yards. 



Topfail-yards [J!g. 18. Rigging, Plate l\.) being trimmed 

 fixteen-fquare, are rounded and planed from the firfl quarter 

 on each fide the middle to their outer ends, and a (heave- 

 hole cut from their upper fide, its length within each outer 

 end for the reef-tackles. In fome merchant fhips a hole is 

 cut within the cleats for the top-gallant-fheets, but is better 

 avoided, as it weakens the yard-arms. 



Topgallant-yards (Jg. 19. Rigging, P/ate II.), royal- 

 yards, crofs-jack-yards, mizun-yards, fprit and fprit-topfail- 

 yards, ttudding-fiil and driver yards, are trimmed eight- 

 fquare, fixteen-fquare, and then rounded and planed fair and 

 fmooth from end to end throughout the length. 



Battening of Tards. — Main and fore yards, main, fore, and 

 mizen topfail-yards, have oak battens nailed on their 

 fquares nearly the fame length and breadth, one inch 

 to three-quarters of an inch tliick ; their ends rounded and 

 fnaped, and the edges chamfered. The fore-fide has no 

 battens. 



Cleating of Tards. — The fling-cleats, a a, (Jig. 17. Rig- 

 ging, Plate II.) nailed on the foie-fide of the main and fore 

 yards, are once and a quarter the given diameter of the 

 yard in length, with n fhouldcr 

 breadth one-fourth the length ; 

 the breadth, made of elm, and 

 meter on each fide the (lings. 



Stop-cleats, i, [fg. 17. Rigging, Plate II.) are made 

 of oak, and nailed within the arms, on the fore-fide and aft- 

 fide of the lower yards, one inch and a half to every yard in 

 their length. Their length half the given diameter of the 

 yard ; the breadth one-fourth its length ; and its thick- 

 nefs two-thirds its breadth. Yards for merchant fhips have 

 their cleats fometimes raifed from the folid. 



Topfail-yards have ftop-cleats, nailed on the fore-fide of 

 the yard, once the given diameter on each fide of the flings. 

 Thofe within the arms, on the fore and after fides of the 

 main and fore topfail-yards, three inches to every yard in the 

 length ; and mizen topfail-yards, two inches and a quarter. 



Topgallant-yards the fame as topfail-yards. 



Royal-yard-cleats are once the diameter on each fide 

 the middle afunder, and twice their length within at the 

 arms. 



Crofs-jack-yards have ftop-cleats, nailed on the fore-fide of 

 the yard, half the diameter on each fide of the flings ; thofe 

 at the arms, one inch and a half within their outer ends to 

 every yard in length, and nailed on the fore and after 

 fides. 



Mizen-yarJs have ftop-cleats nailed once the diameter 

 afunder on the ftarboard-fide, and once and a half the given 

 diameter below the middle of the yard : thofe at the peek 

 or outer end, once the diameter within. 



Sprit and fprit-topfail-yards have ftop-cleats nailed on 

 their under fides ; the fpritfail-yard once the diameter on 



one-third its length ; tht 



the thicknefs two-thirds 



nailed once the given dia- 



each fide the flings ; the fprit-topfail-yard half the diameter 

 one each fide : thole at the arms one inch and a half within 

 their outer ends to every y.ird in the length ; and they nail 

 on the fore and after fides contrary to thofe at the ilings. 



Studding-fail and driver yards have ftop-cleats, nailed 

 once the given diameter afunder, at one-third the length of 

 the yard from the inner end ; thofe at the arms twice their 

 length within. 



Boat-yard-clcats are once the given diameter afunder at 

 the flings ; fome in the middle, others one-third from the end, 

 fuch as lugs, lattecn, and fettecs, and the length of the 

 cleat within at the arms. 



Yards arc fitted at their outer ends for rigging out 

 ftudding-fails. Main and fore yards have four boom-irons ; 

 one on each of their outer ends, c, [fg. 17. Rigging, 

 Plate II.) the others at one-third the length of the boom 

 within, d. The outer boom-iron is compofed of a ring, a 

 neck, and ftraps. 



The ring, through which the boom Hides, is of the fame 

 diameter in the clear as its topmaft-ftudding-fail boom 

 breadth three-eighths the diameter, and from five-eighths to 

 three-quarters of an inch thick. In one fide a lignum vitas 

 roller is fitted, one-third in length the diameter of the boom- 

 ring. The neck is fquare, and connefts the ring to the 

 ftraps ; each neck one inch longer than the diameter of the j 

 ring, and one-fourth its length in fize. 



The ftraps are made one inch and a quarter in length to 

 every three feet of the yard ; their breadth once and a 

 half the breadth of the ring ; thicknefs at the inner part, 

 three-eighths of an inch : they increafe in fubftance towards 

 the neck, and are made to the fhape of and let in their 

 thicknefs into the yard-arm. They are bolted, and have 

 two hoops made to the fize of the yard-arm, one clofe to 

 the end, and the other near the neck. 



Inner boom-irons are made after the fame proportion as 

 the outer ones, but differ in fhape. The ftraps are made to 

 compafs the yard at one-third the length of the topmaft- 

 ftudding-fail boom within the end, and the ring is feparated 

 from the ftrap by a collar ; the upper part of the ring openn 

 with a hinge on one fide, and the heel of the boom is clafped 

 therein. 



Boom-irons fix on the yards thus : the rings are par.illel 

 with the axis of the yard, in a ftraiglit direftion, with a line 

 ftruck upon the yard, in the middle of the fquare, between 

 the upper and fore fide. 



Boom-irons, on the yard-arms of fliips in the merchant 

 fervice, differ much in fhape. The ring the boom flidcs 

 through is connected by a collar to a fquare hoop, that lets 

 on and nails to the yard-arms, they being left fquare ; and 

 fometimes a round hoop to the fize of the yard-arms. Others 

 have a ftraight neck, projefting from ftraps, with a fhoulder 

 in the middle of the neck, and the part without left fquare. 

 The boom-ring has a fhank on the under part, with a mor- 

 tife that fits the neck, and there faftened by a fcrew-nut, 

 a fpring-forelock, that goes on the neck next the 



or 



rini 



Topfail-yards, main and fore, commonly have boom-irons| 

 at their outer ends, like the lower yards in merchant fhips. 

 In the navy they are moftly fitted with a boom-ring, and a! 

 fprig-eye-bolt driven in the middle of their ends, parallel toi 

 its axis ; and an iron hoop let in its thicknefs and breadth, 

 and nailed, to prevent fphtting the yard-arm. Yards thatj 

 have no inner boom-irons have faddles for the heel of the' 

 boom. 



Topgallant-yards, main and fore, mizen-yards, fprit and 

 fprit-topfail-yards, have their arms fitted with a ferrule-hoop: 

 and fprig-eye-bolts, as the topfail-yards, 



Mizen-, 



