YEAR. 



M jfes appears to have been unacquainted with it. After 

 the Babyloiiidi captivity, they adopted the folar year. 

 When they were fubjeded to the Syro-Macedoman yoke 

 (B.C. 312). they were compelled to admit the lunar year 

 into their calendar. To adjud this year to the courfe of 

 the fun, tliey added, at certain periods, a month to Adar, 

 a.id called it Ve-Adar. They compofed alfo a cycle of 

 19 years; in feven of which they inferted the intercalary 

 month, viz. in the 3d, 6th, 8th, i ith, 14th, 17th, and 19th. 

 The defign of this corredion was, to bring the 15th day cf 

 Nifan to the equinoAial point, and to regulate the courfes 

 of the feafons, and of the feafts, in fuch a manner, as that 

 t.'ie corn might be ripe at the paffover, as the law required. 

 The names and quantities of the months ftand thus : 



I . Nifan, or Abib, containing 30 days. 2. Jiar, or Zius, 29. 

 3. Siban, or Siwan, 30. 4. Thamuz, or Tamuz, 29. 5. 

 Ab, 30. 6. Elul, 29. 7. Tifri, or Ethanim, 30. 8. 

 Marchefvan, or Bui, 29. 9. Cifleu, 30. 10. Tebeth, 29. 



II. Sabat, or Schebeth, 30. 12. Adar, in the embohfmic 

 year, 30. Adar, in the common year, was but 29. 



Note. — In the defeftive year, Cifleu was only 29 days; 

 and in the redundant year, Marchefvan was 30. 



Year, Modern Jeiui/h, is hkewife lunar, confiding, in 

 common years, of 12 mouths, but of 13 in enibolifmic 

 years ; which in a cycle of 19 years are, the 3d, 6th, 8th, 

 I uh, 14th, 17th, and 19th. Its beginning is fixed to the 

 new moon next after the autumnal equinox. 



The names, &c. of the monthn are, i. Tifri, containing 

 30 days. 2. Marchefvan, 29. 3. Cifleu, 30. 4. Te- 

 beth, 29. 5. Schebeth, 30. 6. Adar, 29. 7. Veadar, 

 in the embolifmic year, 30. 8. Nifan, 30. 9. liar, 29. 

 10. Sivan, 30. It. Thamuz, 29. 12. Ab, 30. 13. 

 Elul, 29. 



Year, Syrian, is a folar year, having its beginning fixed 

 to the beginning of 0£lober, in the Julian year ; from which 

 it only differs in the names of the months, the quantities 

 being the fame, as follows : 



I. Tilhrin, anfwering to our OAober, and containing 31 

 days. 2. Latter Tiflirin, containing, like our Novem- 

 ber, 30. 3. Canun, 31. 4. Latter Canun, 31. 5. Sha- 

 bat, 28, or 29 in a leap-year. 6. Adar, 31. 7. Nifan, 30. 

 8. Aiyar, 31. 9. Haziram, 30. to. Tamuz, 31. 11. 

 Ab, 31. 12. Elul, 30. 



Year, Olympic, was of a fingular form, the firft month 

 commenced at the new moon, that the full moon might fall 

 on the 15th day. Four years of 360 days contain 1440 

 days; 48 lunations are equal to 1417 days, 11 hours, 14 

 niinutes ; 349111 lunation added to the 4th year makes 1447 

 days, nearly. By this adjuftment, the new moon would have 

 happened on the 8th inftead of the ift. of the month. To 

 correft this error, two days were added to the laft. month of 

 every year, the 4th excepted, when one day was added. 

 By thefe means, the Olympic year, which confifted of 362 

 or 361 days, mull have varied 14 days from the courfe of 

 the fun in the fpace of an olympiad ; and, at the end of 50 

 yeard, the games would have been transferred to the winter 

 folftice ; but for preventing this deviation, a month was 

 intercalated at certain intervals. Notwithftanding this, a 

 confiderable error ftill remained. The Olympic games were 

 regulated by the Cycle o/" 6Vo/?rj/uj ; which fee. See alfo 

 Olympiad and Epocha. 



Year, Perfian, is a folar year, of 365 days, confilling 

 of 12 months of 30 days each, with five intercalary days 

 added at the end. 



The months are as follow : i. Afrudia meh. 2. Ardi- 

 hafcht meh. 3. Cardi meh. 4. Thir meh. 5. Merded 

 meh. 6. Schabarir meh. 7. Mehar meh. 8. Aben meh. 



9. Adar meh. 10. Di meh. 11. Behen meh. 12. Aflirev 

 ineh. 



This year is called the yezdegerdic year, to dillinguifh it 

 from the fixed folar year, called the gelakati year, which the 

 Perfians began to ufe in the year 1079, and which was formed 

 by an intercalation made fix or feven times in four years, and 

 then once every fifth year. 



The yezdegerdic year, it may be obferved, is the fame 

 with Nabonarfar's year, differing from it only in the names 

 of the months, and the commencement of the epocha ; for 

 whereas the Nabonaffarean began on February 26, this be- 

 gan on June 16. As to the gelalean year, it is abfolutely 

 the beft and jufteft of all the civil years yet invented, as 

 being found, by calculation, to keep the folftices and equi- 

 noxes precifely to the fame days, and anfwering very accu- 

 rately to the folar motions ; which no other civil year does, 

 not even the Gregorian, for want of fo commodious an in- 

 tercalation. See Per/tan Calendar. 



Year, Arabic, Mahometan, and Turii/h, called alfo the 

 year of the hegira, [ which fee, ) is a lunar year, equal to 354 

 days, 8 hours, and 48 minutes, and confifting of 12 months, 

 which contain alternately 30 and 29 days. 



Tliough fometimes it contains 13 months; the names, 

 &c. of which are as follow : i. Muharram, containing 30 

 days. 2. Saphar, 29. 3. Rabia, 30. 4. Latter Rabia, 



29. 5. Jomada, 30. 6. Latter Jornada, 29. 7. Rajab, 



30. 8. Shaaban, 29. 9. Ramadan, 30. 10. Shawal, 29. 

 11. Dulkaadah, 30. 12. Dulheggia, 29; and in the em- 

 bolifmic year, 30. An intercalary day is added every 2d, 

 5th, 7th, lotii, 13th, 15th, i8th, 2iit, 24th, 26th, 29th, 

 in a cycle of 29 years. 



The months commence not from the real new moon, but 

 from its firft appearance after conjunction. 



Year, Ethiopic, is a folar year, perfeftly agreeing with 

 the Aftiac, except in this, that the names of the month are 

 different. It commences with the Egyptian year, on the 

 29th of Auguft of the Julian year. 



Its months are, I. Mafcaram. 2. Tykympt. 3. Hy- 

 dar. 4. Tyfhas. 5. Tyr. 6. Jacatil. 7. Magabit. 

 8. Mijazia. 9. Ginbat. 10. Syne. II. Hamel. 12. 

 Hahafe. Intercalary days 5. 



Year, Aaian. See Actiak and Egyptian Yea*. 



Year, yitlic. See Macedonian Year. 



Year, Canicular. See Canicular. 



Year, Texdegerdic. See Perfian Yeak and Calendar. 



Year, Gelalean. See Perjian Year and Calendar. 



Year, Nabonajfar't. See Egyptian Year and Nabo- 



NASSAR. 



Year, Sabbatic, Annui Salbatieut, among the ancientti, 

 was every feventh year ; during which the Jews let their 

 lands lie at reft. Levit. xxv. 8. 



Every feventh fabbatic year, «'. e. every 49th year, was 

 called the year of Jubilee ( which fee ) ; and held with fo- 

 lemnity extraordinary. 



Year, Anomali/lical. See Anomalistical and Year 

 fupra. 



Year, ClimaHeric. See Climacteric. 



Year, Emergent. See Emergent. 



Year, Enneatical. See Enneatical. 



Year, Holy. See Holy. 



Year, Platonic, or Great. See Platonic. 



Year of the Hegira. See Hegira, and Arabic Year. 



Year'j Day, Ne'w, or the day on which the year coir- 

 mences, has always been very different in different nations ; 

 and yet in all has been held in great veneration. 



Among the Romans, the firft and laft diy of the year 



