YORKSHIRE. 



afcend.d wit!, eafe. Continually receiving? vapours from 

 the lr.(h fea on the W.. Ingleborough .s f^;Wo-/-^f 7 

 clouds, and the whole mountain abounds with tp""gs • 

 whenc it is covered with verdure, and fheep g^^e - ^h^ 

 moll elevated parts. In the vicinity appear Penn.gant, 

 Tiftant 6 miles to the E., and Whernfide J miles to he N. 



of a circle of hills rifes Whernfide, on which account, 

 although more elevated, the views from it are not equally 

 interefting with thofe from Ingleborough. Near the 

 fummitafefeveralfmall lakes or pools there called tarns, 

 one of which is about i8o yards in length by nearly an 

 equal breadth. In the Eaft Riding, the only hills of note 

 are the Wolds, which exhibit themfelves to advantage, in 

 rifing out of the low country around them ; but at no point 

 are they fuppofed to exceed 600 feet in height. 



jii^ers Along the whole length of the North Ridmg, 



from W. to E., the county is bounded by the river Tees. 

 Rifing in the mountains of Weftmoreland and Cumberland, 

 it purfues a very indired courfe into the German ocean 

 below Stockton, where it fpreads out into an eftuary three 

 miles in breadth. The river Tees is navigable for (hips of 

 ■confiderable burthen up to Stockton ; but the channel ts 

 Terpentine and intricate, and the current is rapid. Commo- 

 dious anchorage is, however, found at the entrance, in 

 winds from the W . and S. A few inconfiderable ftreams from 

 the W. moorlands fall into the river Tees ; but the great 

 body of the waters of Yorkfhire take their courfe in the 

 oppofite direftion, and unite with the Humber. Of thefe 

 rivers, the mod northern is the Swale, which, rifing in the 

 W. moorlands, enlivens the romantic Swale dale, and, 

 after vifiting Richmond, bends S.E. until it reaches Bo- 

 roughbridge, where it unites with the Ure. The latter 

 river, proceeding from the fame moors, paffes near to 

 Ripon, and in fome part of its courfe feparates the North 

 and Weft Ridings. Having received the Swale, about 

 fix miles below Boroughbridge, the Ure takes the name of 

 Oufe, from an infignificant rivulet which joins it on the W. 

 fide. Under this laft appellation the combined ftream, ftill 

 farther augmented by the waters of the Nid, traverfes the 

 city of York, where it becomes the limit between the Weft 

 and the Eaft Ridings ; and being navigable for large barges 

 up to that city, it receives on its W. fide the rivers Wharf 

 and Aire : at laft, after a very wandering courfe to the 

 fouthward, in conjunftion with the Trent, it difappears in 

 the eftuary of the Humber. The Aire, already mentioned, 

 a very confiderable ftream, iffuing from the mountains of 

 Craven, facilitates by its waters the important manufaftorial 

 commerce of Leeds. Receiving on the W. fide the current 

 of the Calder, which performs the fame fervice to Wake- 

 field, the joint ftream conveys an important accefiion to the 

 Oufe. Still farther to the S. the Don purfues its courfe 

 from the W. mountains to Sheffield, where it bends to the 

 N.E. by Rotheram and Doncafter, to its influx into the 

 Aire. Before it be loft in the Humber, the Oufe receives 

 on the E. the Darwent, which, having its fources in the 

 E. moorlands, flows in general S.W. by Malton, acrofs the 

 weftern parts of the E. diftrift. Two fmall ftreams ftill 

 deferve notice in Yorkftiire, not fo much for their length of 

 courfe, or volume of water, as for their great utility in 

 forming the principal ports of the county. In the E. 

 moorlands of the North Riding rifes the Eflie, which after 

 watering Elkdale opens into the German ocean through the 



harbour of Whitby. The riverHuU traverfes the EaftRiding 

 from N. to S. pafiing near to Beverley, and, at its influx into the 

 Humber, forms the fecure though not capacious harbour of 

 Kingfton, which, from the river, is generally alfo call?d Hull. 

 Canals of rorlJhire.See Canal. 



Coajls and Harbours. — The fea-coaft of Yorkfhire, though 

 very extenfive, aff^ords but very few harbours of any import- 

 ance. The mouth of the river Tees, as already ftated, is 

 frequented as a place of anchorage in winds from the fouth 

 and the weft. Vefiels alfo often refort to other fpots on 

 the coaft when the wind blows off the land, fuch as to Ro- 

 binhood's bay to the fouthward of Whitby, to Filey bay 

 on the north-weft, and Bridlington bay on the fouth-weft of 

 Flamborough-head. 



The principal harbour on this coaft is that of Whitby. 

 ( See Whitby. ) Scarborough bay is ferviceable in wefterly 

 winds ; and the pier, a noble ftone ftruclure, furnifhes eafy 

 accefs and fafe proteftion for ftiips of confiderable burthen ; 

 for at fpring-tides, the depth" of water at the entrance is 

 from twenty to twenty-four feet : for want of a back-ftream, 

 however, the harbour is in danger of being filled with fand. 

 The entrance of the Humber affords to ftiipping lefs pro- 

 teftion than from its locality might be expefted ; for the 

 ftiores on both fides of Yorkfhire on the N.E. and of Lin- 

 colnlhire on the S.W. are low, and the channel is much 

 incumbered with fand-banks and ftiallows. Notwithftand- 

 ing thefe difadvantages on its north bank, juft at the point 

 where the eftuary turns its direftion from E. to S.E., is 

 fituated the much-frequented and important harbour of 

 Kingfton-upon-HuU. The natural accommodation of the 

 river has proved very infufficient for the increafed (hipping 

 belonging and trading to the port, which ranks as the fifth 

 in the kingdom. Docks of great capacity have therefore 

 been excavated, in which vefTels lie afloat or dry, as may be 

 required. From this port, the produce of the great manu- 

 fafturing diftrifts in the interior of the country are ex- 

 ported to foreign parts ; and there foreign commodities are 

 transferred to fmaller velTels, to be in their turn diftributed 

 over the interior of the kingdom. The moft remarkable 

 projeftion of the coaft of Yorkfhire is the bold and lofty 

 promontory, called Flamborough-head. The cliffs rife per- 

 pendicularly over the fea to the hight of 100 and 150 yards. 

 They are compofed of a mouldering Hme-ftone rock, of un- 

 common whitenefs ; and at the bottom are pierced by a num- 

 ber of caverns, fome of them entering a great way into the 

 rock. A new light -houfe is placed about 400 yards weft 

 from the extremity of the promontory. About fouth by eaft 

 eleven leagues from Flamborough-head is another point of 

 great confequence to mariners. This is the Spurn-point, 

 which, running out fouthwards, low and narrow, forms the 

 north limit of the mouth of the Humber. The light-houfe 

 is fituated in N. lat. 53° 41', and E. long. 0° 17'. 



Agriculture, — From what has been already noticed re- 

 fpefling the mountainous and the marfhy trafts compre- 

 hended within the capacious limits of Yorkfhire, agricul- 

 tural improvements in them muft be comparatively very 

 limited. In other diftrifts, however, particularly in the 

 fpacious plains forming the central parts of the county, 

 every fpecies of amelioration of the foil which the in- 

 duftry of the inhabitants, availing themfelves of the natural 

 means within their command, could apply, has been 

 generally brought into adlion. The farms are of very 

 unequal extent and rental, conformably to the nature of the 

 foil and to the fituation of the farmer with refpeft to a mar- 

 ket. It is remarkable, that in the North Riding leafes are 

 unufual ; but although the hulbandman labours on fo preca- 



