Z A C 



the help of thefe kinds of charts, he will be enabled to 

 advance with tolerable fpeed and facility by himfelf. 



Zacconi's work, though fometimes dry and tedious, con- 

 tains much ufeful and praftical knowledge. And as he is 

 almoil the only Italian writer on the fubjeft of mufic who 

 has not bewildered hrmfelf in inquiries concerning the 

 fyftems of the ancient Greeks, or the philofophy of found, he 

 has had the more leifure for analyfing the art, and facilitating 

 the ftudent's progrefs. This author regarded Okenheim, 

 Jofquin, Ifaac, Brumel, Mouton, and Senfelio, as ancients 

 compared with Willaert, Morales, Cipriano, Zarlino, and 

 Paleftrina ; and thefe laft, ancient with refpeft to himfelf 

 and cotemporaries ; and fays (lib. i. cap. x.), that as the 

 ancient Greeks and Romans produced their mufical effefts 

 by mere melody, united with poetry, and Jofquin and other 

 early contrapuntifts, by notes of different lengths, harmo- 

 nized and worked into perpetual fugue ; fo the more 

 modern, though the rules of harmony are the fame, by a 

 different difpofition of concords, inverfions, and other con- 

 trivances, produce a greater variety of effects. 



He likewife obfervee (cap. xxiii.), that *' every age has 

 vainly thought its mufic brought to as great a degree of 

 perfeAion as was poflible ; but it was always found that 

 the next age continues to change, and ftill to think the 

 fame. Okenheim, the matter of Jofquin, and even in the 

 days of Jofquin, John Mouton, his fcholar, had the fame 

 ideas of their own improvements ; yet, fince their time, mufic 

 has not ftood ftill, but made great advances towards per- 

 feAion, being more light and pleafing." 



The change in mufical moJet has continued to our own 

 time, and will doubtlefs continue to the end of a// time ; for 

 melody, being a child of fancy and imagination, will fub- 

 mit to no theory or laws of reafon and philofophy ; and 

 therefore, like love, will always continue in childhood. 



Zacconi's chief labour and merit in the third book have 

 been the explanation of the moods, and correftion of errors in 

 the notation of old compofers, to which his work will ferve as a 

 ufeful coUeftion of errata. In Book I. he dwells much on the 

 fuperiority of the finging and fingers of his own time, over 

 all that preceded them ; and has a long chapter upon the 

 manner of gracing and embellifliing a melody, where he 

 tells us, " Che ftile fi tenghi nel far di gorgia ; dell' ufo de 

 i moderni pajfagi, come iijiorifchino le cantilene ;" and fpeaks 

 of acconc'taturCf as the modern Italians do of riffioramenti, or 

 graces. The divifions, however, into which he breaks 

 paflages, in order to emielli/h them, if adopted by an opera- 

 finger of the prefent times, would be like a modern fine 

 lady appearing at court in the furbelows and flounces of 

 queen Ehzabeth, or a fine gentleman in the peruke of fir 

 Cloudefley Shovel. 



ZACHAN, or Sochan, in Geography, a town of 

 Hinder Pomerania ; 14 miles E. of Stargard. N. lat. 52° 

 13'. E. long. 15° 28'. 



ZACHAREVSKAIA, a fort of Ruffia, in the govern- 

 ment of Ekaterinoflav, on the Konikija ; 28 miles W. of 

 Mariupol. 



ZACHARIiE, Justus Frederick William, in Bio- 

 graphy, was born at Frankenhaufen in Thuringia, in 1726 ; 

 and during the courfe of his elementary education at his 

 native place, he diftinguifned himfelf by various poetical 

 pieces. In 1743 ^^ ^^'^^ ^° Leipfic to ftudy jurifprudence, 

 but directing his chief attention to the belles lettres, he pro- 

 duced his mock-heroic poem, entitled " Renommiilen," 

 which Eichorn, in his Hillory of Literature, fays, was the 

 commencement of heroi-comic poetry among the Germans. 

 In the foDownng year, he was admitted as an alTociate by 

 the young men who contributed to the work publiftied under 



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the title of " Amufements of Reafon and Wit." From 

 Leipfic, where he remained about three years, he removed 

 If I ^°"'"g«"' where, attrafting the notice of profeffor 

 lUaproth, he was recommended by him to be a member of 

 the German fociety. In 1748 he was appointed tutor at 

 the Carohne college at Brunfwick, and in 1761 he became 

 profelTor of poetry in that inftitution ; to which, in the 

 lucceedmg year, were annexed the offices of infpedor of 

 u P^P^g^P^'c and bookfeUing eftablithment belonging to 

 the Orphan Houfe, and diredor of the Brunfwick Intelli- 

 gencer. From 1768 to 1774, he was editor of the New 

 Brunfwick Gazette; in 1775 he was appointed to the 

 diaconate of St. Syriac, at Brunfwick ; and he died in the 

 month of June, 1777, •" the 51ft year of his age. His 

 biographer ftates, that " he poffeffed a very ft-rtile and 

 vivid imagination, with a fine tafte, improved by t bfervation 

 and acquaintance with the world. As a poet, he compofed 

 with uncommon facility, and tried his talents m almoft 

 every fpecies, but was the moft fuccefsful in the defcriptive 

 and heroi-comic. His burlcfque poems were diftinguifiied 

 from every thing of the kind that had before appeared in 

 Germany." A coUeftion of Zachari^'s poetical works 

 was pubhfhed at Brunfwick in 1763— 1765, 9 vols. 8vo. 

 Gen. Biog. 



ZACHARIAH, or Zechariah, one of the minor 

 prophets, who commenced the exercife of his ^ift in the 

 8th month of the 2d year of Darius, the fon of Hyllafpes ; 

 and on account of the precifion and clearnefs of his predic- 

 tions, he has been intitled " the fun among the minor pro- 

 phets." The moft remarkable of his prophecies are thofe 

 that relate to the advent of the Mefliah, and to the deftruc- 

 tion of Jerufalem. Dupin. 



ZACHARIAS, Pope, a native of Greece, fucceeded 

 Gregory III. in 741 ; at a time when the Roman territory 

 was threatened with an invafion by Luitprand, king of the 

 Lombards, and when the fons of Charles Martel were too 

 much engaged by domeftic broils to undertake its defence. 

 The pope, therefore, tried how far he might avail himfelf 

 of the authority of religion in averting the ftorm ; and by a 

 folemn embaffy and perfonal vifit, he not only obtained 

 peace, but induced Luitprand to reftore to the Roman fee 

 four cities which he had taken from it. He alfo interpofed, 

 in 743, with Luitprand on behalf of the exarch of Ravenna, 

 and prevailed with him to defift from an invafion of the 

 exarchate, and to grant peace, as well as to give back the 

 fortrefs of Cefena to the exarch ; and in the fame year he 

 held a council at Rome to fettle fome matters of difcipline, 

 particularly fuch as related to the clergy. During the 

 pontificate of Zacharias in the year 746, Carloman, the 

 eldeft fon of Charles Martel, who had furrendered his 

 dominions to his brother Pepin, went to Rome, andaflumed 

 the monaftic habit, with which he was folemnly inverted by 

 the pope. Rachis, the fucceflbr of Luitprand, who, upon 

 his acceffion to the throne in 747, was peaceable difpofed 

 towards the pope and the Romans, took up arms againft 

 them ; but his hoftile purpofes were averted by the remon- 

 ftrances of Zacharias, and thofe of fome of his principal 

 clergy and nobihty, who vifited his camp, in order to obtair 

 peace ; nor were they fuccefsful merely in this objeft ; but 

 the refult of their interview was Rachis's refignation of his 

 crown, the alTumption of the monaftic habit conferred upon 

 him by the pope, and retirement to the monaftery of Monte 

 Cafino, where Carloman refided. In 752 Pepin applied to 

 the pope for permiffion to feize the crown of France, and 

 to fet afide Childeric III. ; the pope confented, and Chil- 

 deric was provided for in a monaftery. Zacharias, having 

 difpbyed talent* in the eiercife of hit office, which gave 

 Q 2 'li'n 



