Z I z 



have called the fmaller fpeciea of yellow-hamnier, from its 

 conltant note, which is only zi, %i. 



It is of the fize of the common fparrow ; its beak is 

 thick and (hort ; its breaft and belly yellowifh, fpotted with 

 brown ; and its head, back, wings, and tail, of a dufliy- 

 brown, but two of the tail-feathers on each fide have a 

 variegation of white. 



The difference between the male and female in this 

 fpecies is, that the male is yellow, and has fome yellow 

 fpots on its neck and fides, which are wanting in the female. 

 It is almoft always feen on the ground, and feeds on feeds, 

 &c. It feems but little if at all efTentially to differ from 

 the common yellow-hammer ; and Mr. Ray has fome fufpi- 

 cion that they are the fame fpecies. 



ZIWICA, in Geography, a town of Auftrian Poland ; 

 35 miles S.W. of Cracow. 



ZIZA, in Ancient Giography, a town in the interior of 

 Arabia Petrsea. Ptol. 



ZIZANIA, in Botany, an ancient name, ^i^a»iov of the 

 Greeks, fynonymous with the infelix lolium of the Latins, 

 as well as with our Darnel, and belonging to an unprofit- 

 able weed, of the tribe of Graffes, which greatly injured 

 the crop of corn, and into which Corn itfelf was fuppofed 

 to degenerate. (See Lolium.) Our tranflators of the 

 New Teftament call it Tares ! Ai^z was another Greek 

 name for Darnel, and is flill ufed for Lolium temulentum in 

 the Morea. Zizania was merely adopted, as an unoccupied 

 clallical name, by Gronovius and Linnxus, for the prefent 

 genus, which yields an inferior fort of grain, ufed by the 

 inhabitants of fome parts of North America. We cannot 

 applaud this application of ancient names, to plants to 

 which they could not poffibly have originally belonged, 

 though Linnxus often praftifed it. Gasrtner has fuccefs- 

 fuUy oppofed this principle, but did not always change 

 things for the better. — Linn. Gen. 491. Schreb. 639. 

 Willd. Sp. PI. V. 4. 394. Mart. Mill. Dia. v. 4. Purfh 

 60. Ait. Hort. Kew." v. 5. 278. JutT. 33. Poiret in La- 

 marck Dia. v. 8. 863. Lamarck Illuftr. t. 768. Gaertn. 

 t. 82. (Elymus; Mitchell in Ephem. Nat. Cur. v. 8. 

 append. 210.) — Clafs and order, Monoeda Hexandria. Nat. 

 Ord. Gramma, Linn. JufF. 



Gen. Ch. Male, Cal. none. Cor. Glume of two lance- 

 olate, membranous, ribbed, clafping valves, one rather 

 larger than the other, and moft pointed. Neftary of two 

 ovate obtufe fcales. Stam. Filaments fix, capillary, very 

 (hort, equal ; anthers pendulous, linear, notched at each 

 end, fhorter than the corolla. 



Female in the fame panicle, larger, Cal. none. Cor. 

 Glume of two valves, clofed, except a vacancy at each fide 

 juft above the bafe ; the outer valve largeft, concave, long, 

 ftraight, rigid, revolute at the edges, embracing the inner 

 at each fide, and terminating in a long ilraight awn ; the 

 inner narrower, lanceolate, involute at the edges. Neaary 

 of two acute fcales. Stam. fometimes prefent, though mi- 

 nute and imperfea, with fraall incomplete anthers. Pijl. 

 Germen fuperior, oblong ; ftyles two, fpreading, capillary, 

 fhort ; fligmas feathery, projeaing between the valves of 

 the corolla. Seed fohtary, oblong, even, polifhed, naked, 

 unconneaed with the glumes. 



Eff. Ch. Male, Calyx none. Corolla of two valves ; 

 the outer one pointed. 



Female, Calyx none. Corolla of two unequal clofed 

 valves ; the outermoft largeft, revolute at the edges, with a 

 terminal awn. Styles two, divaricated. Seed folitary, en- 

 clofed in the plaited corolla, but unconneaed with it. 



I. Z. aquatica. Canadian Wild- Rice. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 J 408, excluding the fynonym of Sloane. Ait. n. I. Purfh 

 . Vol. XXXIX. 



(Z. 



Z I z 



n. I. Lambert Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. 7. 264. t. 13. 

 clavulofa; Michaux Boreal.-Amer. v. i. 75. Willd. n. 3. 

 Z. paluftris ; Linn. Mant. 295. Willd. n. 4. Schreb. 

 Gram. v. 2. 54. t. 29.) — Panicle pyramidal, compound, 

 with numerous male flowers, in the lower part ; fpiked and 

 female above. — Common in all the waters, from Canada to 

 Florida, flowering in July and Auguft, and known by the 

 name of Tufcarora, or Wild Rice. Purjh. Sir Jofeph Banks 

 introduced it into this country in 1790, and ftill cultivates 

 it abundantly in the ponds of his delightful villa of Spring 

 Grove. The feeds were obtained from Canada in jars erf 

 water. Mr. Lambert is of opinion, that this grain tnight be 

 cultivated in many fhallow lakes of Ireland, and turn to 

 confiderable advantage. The root is certainly annual ; not, 

 as Mr. Purfh marks it, perennial ; and confifts of numerous, 

 long, ftout, hairy fibres. Stems feveral, two or three feet 

 high, round, jointed, hollow, leafy. Leaves graffy, long, 

 narrow, fmooth, with long, clofe, ftriated, fmooth fheaths. 

 Stipula fhort, fomewhat pointed, membranous, decurrent, 

 entire. Panicle two feet, or more, in length, erea, and 

 terminating in a compound, clofe, ftraight, fpiked clujler, 

 of numerous female Jloiuers ; the lower part confifting of 

 ftill more numerous, drooping male ones, of a fmaller dze, 

 with green or purplifh glumes, and yellow anthers, com- 

 pofing an elegant fpreading affemblage, of compound 

 tranches. We have from Mr. Frafer a mutilated fpecimen, 

 of what Michaux and Willdenow call clavulofa, a name 

 well exprefTmg the appearance of the female flower-ftalks, 

 after ihe Jlo'wers are gone ; being larger than in the common 

 fpecimens. Other writers confider this is not even a variety 

 of the plant in queftion, and we fubmit to their opinion. 

 Linnaeus, who cultivated the Z. aquatica at Upfal, con- 

 founded with it originally a Jamaica fpecies, which he after- 

 wards diftinguifiied. But he by inadvertence, in his Man- 

 tijfa above quoted, applies the name of palufiris to his 

 original aquatica, and cites Browne's Jamaica, who has twt) 

 Zizania, neither of which appears to be this North Ameri- 

 can grafts. We fliall attempt to fet this matter right under 

 the next fpecies. 



2. Z. ej^ifa. Jamaica Wild-Rice. (Z. aquatica; Linn. 

 Syft. Veg. ed. 13. 714. ed. 14. 855. Willd. n. i. Z. 

 n. I ; Browne Jam. 340. Arundo alta gracilis, foliis e 

 viridi cseruleis, locuftis minoribus ; Sloane Jam. v. i. no. 

 t. 67.) — Panicle loofe, much branched. Male and female 

 flowers interfperfed . — Common in all the waters, or lagoons, 

 of Jamaica. Sloane calls it the Trumpet reed. The flems 

 are as thick as the little finger, and appear to be feveral feet 

 high. Leaves longer and broader than in the foregoing, 

 with a ftrong mid-rib. Panicle large, with numerous, 

 whorled, repeatedly compound branches, whofe ultimate 

 divifions are quite capillary, and very fmooth. We have 

 feen but a few dzmzved flowers. This is unqueftionably a 

 very diftina fpecies from the laft, though it does not appear 

 that Linnxus ever defcribed it as fuch. He did not, in 

 faa, diftinguifh between the names oi aquatica and palufiris, 

 but ufed one at one time, and another at a different period, 

 for the fame plant, to which he mifapplied Browne's fyno- 

 nym. This has caufed great confufion, to remedy which 

 we are obliged to choofe a new name, which has fome mean- 

 ing attached to it. 



3. Z. miliacea. Millet-feeded Wild-Rice. Michaux 

 BoVeal.-Amer. v. i. 74. Willd. n. 2. Purfh n. 2, exclud- 

 ing the references to Willdenow and Sloane.—" Panicle 

 loofe, much branched. Male and female flowers interfperfed. 

 Glumes with fhort awns. Seed ovate, fmooth."— In mea- 

 dows and ditches overflowed by the tide, m Pennfylvania and 

 Carolina, perennial, flowering in Auguft. Purfi. The Jem 



B b IS 



