z u s 



him to his communion. That of Pelagius was hkewife ap- 

 proved. The African bifhops, however, who were hollile 

 to the Pelagian doftrine, interefted the emperor Honorius in 

 their favour ; and obtained from the pope an anathema of the 

 doftrinc of Pelagius and Caeleftius, with a fentence of excom- 

 munication if they refufed to abjure their tenets. A council 

 was affembled, in which other bifliops, who concurred in the 

 Pelagian creed, were degraded from their epifcopal dignity. 

 The fluftuations and inconfiftencies of Zolimus's conduft 

 depreciated the charafter of the pope, and furnilhed reafon 

 for queltioning his infallibility. Other inflances occurred, 

 in which he was hardly able to maintain his authority. This 

 pope died in December 418, leaving the charafter of an able 

 man of bufinefs, but liafty, tenacious, and imperious. His 

 thirteen epillles, that are extant, are written with fpirit 

 and elegance. He was canonized, as Bower fays, by a mif- 

 take of cardinal Baronius, who fuppofed him to be a St. 

 Zofimus in the martjrology of Bede. Dupin. Bower. 



ZOSITERPUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of 

 Thrace, in the province of Rhodope. Procopius. 



ZOSSEN, in Geography, a town of Brandenburg, in the 

 Middle Mark ; 13 miles S.E. of Potzdam. N. lat. 52° 10'. 

 E. long. 13° 17'. 



ZOSTER, '\x\ Ancient Geography , a borough of Attica, 

 upon the fea-coaft, with a promontory of the fame name, 

 extended into the Saronic gulf ; but it is not known to what 

 tribe it belonged. Minerva, Apollo, Diana, and Latona, 

 were honoured here. As Zofter bore fome refemblance to 

 zone, or cinfture, the inhabitants pretended that the borough 

 bore this name, becaufe Latona, finding herfelf in this 

 place, and feeling that her time was approaching, unloofened 

 her cinfture. Pauf. in Attic, c. 31. 



Zoster, a word ufed by fome to exprefs that kind of 

 herpes, called by others zona and zingilla, and by us ufually 

 known under the name of the fliingles. 



ZOSTERA, in Botany, fo named by Linnsus from 

 ^iur)if, a girdle, alluding to the ribband-hke appearance of 

 its long linear foliage. — Linn. Gen. 472. Schreb. 615. 

 Willd. Sp. PI. V.4. 179. Vahl Enum. v. I. 14. Mart. 

 Mill. Dia. V. 4. Sm. Fl. Brit. 7. Prodr. Fl. Grac. 

 Sibth. V. I. 2. Purfli 2. Brown Prodr. Nov. HoU. v. i. 

 338. Jufl". 24. Poiretin Lamarck Did. v. 8. 872. La- 

 marck lUuftr. t. 737. Gaertn. t. 19. (Alga; Raii Syn. 

 ed. 3. 52. Ruppia ; Moehring in Phil. Tranf. v. 41. 217.) 

 — Clafs and order, Monandria Monogynia, Fl. Brit, and 

 Vahl. ( Gynandria Polyandria, ' Linn. Monoecia Monan- 

 dria, Schrd. and Willd.) Nat, Ord. Piperita, Linn. 

 Aroided, JuflT. Aroideis affine. Brown. 



Gen. Ch. Cal. Spadix linear, flat, flieathed by the bafe 

 of a leaf, bearing an indeterminate number of flowers on one 

 fide. Perianth none. Cor. none. Stam. Filament none ; 

 anther fefiile, ereft, clofely prefled to the fpadix, fimple, 

 cylindrical, a little wavy, tapering at each end. Pijl. Ger- 

 men folitary, parallel to the anther, and of nearly a fimilar 

 (haps ; Ilyle one, obliquely curved, fliorter than the ger- 

 mens ; ftigmas two, linear, acute, fpreading. Peric. Cap- 

 fule pendulous, elliptical, membranous, of one cell, not 

 burfting. Seed folitary, oblong, ftriated. 



Eff. Ch. Spadix linear, flieathed by the bafe of a leaf, 

 bearing the flowers on one fide. Perianth and Corolla none. 

 Anther feffile. Stigmas two, hnear. Capfuk with one 

 feed. 



Obf. The above is the view of the genus in queftion, firft 

 given by Gxrtner, and confirmed from aftual obfervation in 

 the Englijh Botany and Fl. Brit. \'ahl adopts the fame 

 idea as ours of the place of this genus in the artificial fyfl.em. 

 The feed has a large, oval, half divided cotyledon, as we 



z o s 



wouIq call it ; Gsertner terms it a w'/f&J'. ( See the article 

 Yolk cf the Seed.) From this genus is to be feparated 

 the Z. oceanica of Linnzus, which belongs to Caulinia of 

 De CandoUe and Brown ; Pojfidonia of Konig in Ann. of 

 Bot. V. 2. 95. t. 6 ; Kernera of Willd. Sp. PI. v. 4. 947 ; 

 but which IS diiferent from Caulinia of WiUdenow ; fee 

 that article. 



I. Z. marina. Common Grafs-wrack. Linn. Sp. PI. 

 1374. Willd. n. I. Vahl n. I. Fl. Brit. n. I. Engl. 

 Bot. t. 467. Fl. Dan. t. 15. Purftin. I. Brown n. I ? 

 (Zoftera; Linn. It. W.Goth. 166. t. 4.) 



$. Fucus marinus, feu Alga marina graminea mino ; 

 Raii Syn. 52. ( Algoides ; Mich. Ic. Ined. t. 60. f. 2.) 



-/. Fucus, five Alga marina graminea anguftifolia femini- 

 fera ramofior ; Raii Syn. 52. (Algoides ; Mich. Ic. Ined. 

 t. 59?) 



0. Potamogeiton marinum in utriculis epiphyllofpermon 

 minus ; Raii Syn. 53. 



!. Alga anguftifolia vitrariorum ; Raii Syn. 53. 



Leaves entire, obfcurely three-ribbed. Stem flightly 

 comprefied. Native of the fea-ftiore, or fait muddy ditches 

 and creeks throughout Europe, poflibly of New Holland 

 and North America alfo, flowering towards autumn. The 

 root is perennial, fibrous. Stews roundifh, fmooth, decum- 

 bent at the bafe, and trailing to a great extent, throwing 

 out tufts of fibres here and there ; their branches floating 

 and leafy, fimple, a little comprefTed. Leaves alternate, 

 tapering at the bafe into a kind of flieathing footftalk, linear, 

 a foot, or much more, in length, flat, fmooth, bluntifh, 

 quite entire, fplitting longitudinally a little above the bafe, 

 on the upper fide, and putting forth from that fiffure a linear, 

 obtufe, (idX receptacle ov fpadix, two inches long, covered in 

 front with a feries of XizkeAflo'wers. Each of \.\\e[e fonuers 

 confifts of a green anther, and ^pifiil of the fame hue, pa- 

 rallel to it ; but infuch an alternate order, that the anther of 

 each flower is contrary to that of its neighbour, and ftands 

 above thepijlil of the latter. The whole k-ri is flaccid and 

 tender ; yet Linnasus fays it is ufed in fome parts of Sweden 

 to make a thatch, which is very durable, and likewife to 

 flop up chinks in wooden buildings. It ferves alfo for ma- 

 nure, as well as the various kinds of fea-weed. 



Whether the varieties above indicated may any of them 

 prove diftinft fpecies, muft be left for future inquiry. The 

 ^ is a fmall flender plant, diflfering in nothing but its leflTer 

 dimenfions from the common kind. It is well reprefented 

 in one of Micheli's unpubliflied plates, y is larger, more 

 compaft, and branched ; we can fcarcely doubt its being 

 Micheli's t. 59. Of the others we know no more than can 

 be gathered from Ray's Synopfts. 



Z. oceariicaof Linnaeus is quite different from any of thefe 

 fuppofed varieties, conllitating a diftinft genus, called Pof- 

 ftdonia Cavolini, by Mr. Konig, in Ann. of Bot. v. 2. 95. 

 t. 6 ; and well defcribed by don Philip Cavolini of Naples, 

 in a differtation on thefe plants. De CandoUe has named it 

 Caulinia, but it is not Willdenow's. In Micheh's unpub- 

 lifhed figures above cited, t. 58, is a good figure of this. 

 We never met with any authority for its being a native of 

 the Britifli coaft ; but Mr. Horner, in a paper publifhed by 

 the Geological Society, in their Tranfaftions, v. 3, men- 

 tions the fubmarine remains of a foreft, on the SufTex coaft, 

 in the brown vegetable earth, accompanying which are found 

 fragments of a plant, whofe leaves were thought by Mr. 

 Brown to refemblc Zoflera marina, except tliat, being much 

 broader than ufual, he fufpefted they might belong to Z. 

 oceanica above-mentioned. If thefe leaves were fufficiently 

 perfeA to exhibit the three ribs, that queftion might perhaps 

 be determined. As to the breadch, or fize, of the Uaves 



