ZUINGLE. 



tually committed the offence, were fet at liberty; but 

 Hottinger was baniftied from the canton for two years ; and 

 he was afterwards put to death for herefy, in confequence 

 of a fentence pronounced by the deputies of feven cantons 

 at Lucerne, notwithftanding the interceffion of Zurich. 

 The queftion of the ceUbacy of the clergy was agitated in 

 thefe colloquies, and though no decifive opinion was given 

 by the council, feveral clergymen married, and among them 

 was Zuingle himfelf, who had expreffed his fentiments 

 againft the queftion, at the age of 40. In 1524, the coun- 

 cil of Zurich proceeded to the reformation of public wor- 

 Ihip according to the plan propofed by Zuingle. They 

 began with caufing all piftures and ftatues to be removed 

 by thofe whofe anceftors had confecrated them ; and of 

 thefe feveral were deftroyed. Thefe meafures occafioned 

 alarm and complaint in the other cantons ; and afts of 

 hoftility were meditated. Without entering into a detail 

 of the various circumftances that occurred on one fide and 

 on the other, we (hall content ourfelves with obferving, that 

 fanaticifm and bigotry were engaged in oppofition to 

 each other, and produced in Switzerland effefls fimilar to 

 thofe that have attended innovation and reformation in 

 other countries. At Zurich, the total fubverfion of the 

 Romifh worfhip was accompliflied, by prohibiting procef- 

 fions and other ceremonies, and by the abolition of the facri- 

 fice of the mafs. The latter event took place by the ac- 

 tivity of Zuingle in 1525 ; and on Eafter Sunday the 

 Lord's Supper was celebrated according to his idea of this 

 rite, which was that of a merely commemorative and fymbo- 

 lical fervice. Our reformer difplayed in another inftance 

 a difinterefted fpirit, which reflefts great honour on his 

 memory. Although he was one of the canons who com- 

 pofed the chapter of the cathedral, and this body was inde- 

 pendent of the council, and poffefTed its own jurifdidlion and 

 property, he prevailed with the majority of his colleagues 

 to confecrate the large revenues of the chapter to eftabhfh- 

 ments for public inftruftion, and to transfer its temporal 

 power to the government. In the conduft of this event he 

 manifefted no lefs wifdom and moderation than difinterefted- 

 nefs ; for the chapter charged itfelf with the payment of as 

 many paftors as were neceflary for the public worfhip of 

 the city, to which fervice thofe canons who were capable of 

 fervice were devoted. Thofe who vs'ere old and infirm were 

 allowed to preferve their benefices for life ; and their re- 

 venues, as they became vacant, were to be employed in 

 founding profeflbrlhips for leftures, to which admiflion 

 was to be gratuitous. Thefe liberal conditions were reli- 

 gioufly obierved, and the regulations thus framed are ftill 

 continued at Zurich. The orders of mendicants, and other 

 religious houfes, were abolifhed ; and their revenues were ap- 

 propriated to the fupport of hofpitals, and other charitable 

 inftitutions, as the old members dropped off. Zuingle was 

 afterwards commiflioned to organize a fyftem of public in- 

 ftruftion, in which he difplayed a cultivated and liberal 

 mind. 



The reputation which Zuingle had acquired, and the fuc- 

 cefs which had crowned his plans and labours in the caufe of 

 reformation, were not fufScient to fecure him againft the 

 prejudices of fanatics, and the hoftile attacks of malignity. 

 Attempts were made to affociate him with Munzer, one of 

 the leaders of the Anabaptifts ; but he happily avoided the 

 fnare that was laid for him, and inftead of taking part in 

 thofe violences which called forth the interpofition of the 

 civil power, and which terminated in the death of one of 

 the perfons concerned, he did all that lay in his power to 

 prevent them ; and though he could not preferve the life 

 of one difturber of the public peace, he compofed the tu- 



mult occafioned by the intemperate zeal of others. Not.' 

 withftanding the fingular prudence and moderation which 

 influenced his whole conduft, his reputation excited envy, 

 and a confpiracy was formed againft his life. Under the 

 proteAion of the niagiftracy of Zurich he was fafe ; but his | 

 enemies infidioufly propofed a conference at Baden, in Ar- 

 govia. His friends, however, were not unapprifed of his 

 danger, and well knowing that the cantons were actuated 

 by inveterate hoftility againft his perfon as well as his doc- 

 trines, they would not confent to his leaving Zurich. 

 At the conference, which he prudently declined to attend, 

 enmity was avowed both againft him and his adherents. 

 Some of the cantons, however, withheld their concurrence ; 

 and this was particularly the cafe with refpett to the canton 

 of Berne. In this canton, the reformation had made con- 

 fiderable progrefs, fo that in 1527 feveral of its municipah- 

 ties addrefled the fenate for the abohtion of the mafs, and 

 the introduftion of the form of worftiip eflabliftied at Zurich. 

 The reformers at Berne fummoned a convocation, to which 

 the clergy of the other Helvetic itates, and the neighbour- 

 ing biftiops, were invited. Zuingle's attendance was alfo 

 requefted ; and he thought it his duty to appear in that 

 affembly, profeffedly convened for the advancement of the 

 reformation. Haller was the leader of the party in this 

 canton, and in conneftion with Zuingle and other coadju- 

 tors the caufe to which they were devoted obtained a com- 

 plete triumph ; fo that the grand council of that canton 

 fully adopted the meafures of that of Zurich. Upon this, 

 five of the cantons which were attached to the old religion 

 entered into a folemn engagement not to fuffer the doftrines 

 of Zuingle and Luther to be preached among them. At 

 length the hoftilities that fubfifted between the Catholic and 

 reformed cantons were amicably terminated by the treaty of 

 Cappel in 1529. The animofity, however, between thefe 

 cantons was not extinguifhed. It broke out again with 

 greater violence than ever ; and the fenate of Zurich has 

 been charged with the firft aggreflion, by arbitrary afts in 

 favour of the reformed preachers in the common bailiages. 

 Its projeft of fecularizing the abbey of St. Gall, which be- 

 longed to the Helvetic confederacy, was a greater grievance ; 

 and on the other hand, the five affociated Catholic cantons 

 refufed to concur with the others in expelling the Spaniards 

 from the Valteline, and perfecuted the reformed in their ju- 

 rifdiftions with the greateft feverity. The fufferers fought 

 the proteftion of Zurich, and the eloquence of Zuingle was 

 employed in recommending their cafe to the fenate. The 

 breach widened, and a majority of the Proteftants agreed in 

 ftopping the tranfit of provifions to the five cantons, which 

 depended upon foreign fupplies. Zuingle in vain remon- 

 ftrated againft this cruel adl ; and the five cantons took up 

 arms, and having publiftied a manifefto, marched into the 

 field in Oftober 153 1. A detachment was ordered to pre- 

 vent the junction of the forces of Berne with thofe of Zurich, 

 and the main body advanced towards Cappel. This intelli- 

 gence alarmed the people of Zurich ; and they could only 

 fpare 700 men for the relief of their countrymen at Cappel. 

 Zuingle was appointed to accompany them. A battle en- 

 fued ; and though the Zurichers, animated by his exhorta- 

 tions, defended themfelves valiantly, they at length were 

 compelled to yield to fuperiority of numbers, and were en- 

 tirely routed. Some died at their pofts ; others fled : and 

 Zuingle received a mortal wound at the commencement of 

 the aftion, and fell fenfelefs to the ground. As foon as he 

 had recovered fufficiently to raife himfelf up, he croffed his 

 arms on his bread, and lifted his languid eyes to heaven. 

 In this condition he was found by fome Cathohc foldiers, 

 who, without knowing him, offered to bring a confeffor ; 



but 



