Z U R 



ZVORNICK, See Zwornick. 



ZUPU, a town of Circaffia ; i6o miles E. of Theodofia. 



ZUR GuGEL, a town of Pruffian Pomerelia ; 20 miles 

 S.S.E. of Marienburg. 



ZuR Ofa, a town of the duchy of Bremen ; 5 miles 

 S.S.W. of Bremervorde. 



ZURA, a town of European Turkey, in Moldavia, on 

 the Dniefter; 22 miles E. of Orhei. 



ZURARA, a town of Portugal, in the province of 

 Entre Duero e Minho, at the mouth of the Ave, oppofite 

 ViUa de Conde. 



ZURBARAN, Francisco, in 5io^rj/y^jF, was a Spanifti 

 painter, born at Triente da Cantos, near Seville, in 1596. 

 He was a difciple of Pablo Roclas, under whofe tuition he 

 acquired very confiderable talent, and foon enjoyed a good 

 reputation as an artift. He adopted the ftyie of M. A. 

 Caravagio, painting with great boldnefs, force, and truth. 

 His firft public work was painted for the convent of 

 La Merced Calzada, from the hiftory of S. Pedro Nolafco, 

 by which he added much to his fame. There are many 

 other works of his in the public edifices at Seville and 

 Cordova, particularly in the Collegio di San Pablo. He 

 was invited to Madrid about 1630, and was appointed 

 principal painter to the king, and employed in the Buen 

 Retiro, where he painted the Labours of Hercules. His 

 produftions may alfo be found in the Cafa da Campo, and 

 other royal palaces, as well as in private colleftions. Zur- 

 baran died in 1662, aged 63. 



ZUREITA, in Geography. See Zuweita. 



ZURIC, or Zurich, a canton of Switzerland, and the 

 firil in rank, bounded on the N. by Swabia and the canton 

 of SchafFhaufen, on the E. by the Thurgau and the county 

 of Toggenburg, on the S. by the cantons of Schweitz and 

 Zug, and on the W. by the county of Baden. This 

 canton is not unaptly called an epitome of all Switzerland, 

 as containing in it hills, valleys, plains, corn-lands, vineyards, 

 lakes, rivers, vegetables of all kinds, and whatever elfe is 

 neceflary to the fupport of life. Grain is cultivated all 

 over the country ; but it ripens later in the mountainous 

 parts, where the air is coldeft, than in the levels or funny 

 valleys. The hilly grounds in the E., W., and S. borders, 

 afford a fpecimen of the fertile Alps, as abounding in cattle, 

 milk, butter, and cheefe ; at firft. the wines have a tartnefs 

 attending them, yet they improve by keeping ; and, after 

 lying fome years in the cafk, become fmooth, pleafant, and 

 wholefome. Fruits alfo are every where found in great 

 plenty, and very good. The moft remarkable minerals and 

 foflils are, chalk, potters' earth of feveral forts and colours, 

 fulphur, and pit-coal ; fome mineral fprings are likewife 

 found. The proportion of grain to the other produftions 

 of the earth vnll appear from the following calculation : 

 there are 2 1 7,424 acres, of 36,000 fquare feet each, laid out 

 in grain, 14,466 in vines, 94,553 in meadows, 42,549 in 

 pafturage, and 103,772 in forefts. As fufficient corn is not 

 produced for the interior confumption, the deficiency is 

 chieily fupplied from Swabia. In order to prevent a 

 fcarcity of this material article, a public granary is main- 

 tained, at the expence of government, for grain at the 

 common price ; but in feafons of fcarcity, it is fold confider- 

 ably cheaper than it can be purchafed at the market. The 

 wine is moitly confumed in the country, and little of it is 

 fpared for foreign commerce. The canton contained, in 

 1784, 174,572 fouls, including 10,500 in the capital: this 

 large population, in proportion to the fize of the canton, is 

 owing to the trade of Z uric ; as atleafl two-thirds of the 

 inhabitants derive their livelihood by fpinning thread and 



ZUR 



filk, and making linen for the manufaaures of the town 

 The fovere.gn power refides exclufively in the burgeffe, of 

 the town, confittmg of about 2000; but a contraded dif- 

 pofition prevails in raofl of the ftates of Switzerland, fo that 

 they ieldom confer the burgherftiip. In Zuric, it is faid 

 a new citizen has not been admitted for the laft 150 years * 

 The burghers, befide the advantage of elefting their 

 magiftrates, and of afpiring to the adminiftration of affairs, 

 enjoy the fole right of commerce; all ftrangers, and even 

 lubjeds, being excluded from eftabhftiing manufadures in 

 the city, or in any part of the canton. 



The burghers of Zuric are divided into thirteen tribes- 

 one of which is called Conftaffel, or the tribe of nobles! 

 although at prefent not abfolutely confined to perfons of 

 that defcnption : it enjoys the privilege of giving eighteen 

 members to the Sovereign Council, and fix to the Senate, 

 whereas each of the other tribes only fupply twelve to the 

 former, and fix to the latter. 



The legiflative authority is vefted by the burghers in the 

 Sovereign Council of two hundred ; confifting, however, of 

 two hundred and twelve members drawn from the thirteen 

 tribes, and comprifing the Senate, or Little Council. This 

 Senate, compofed of fifty members, including the two 

 burgomafters, has jurifdi(SUon in all caufes civil and criminal : 

 in civil cafes, when the demand is of a certain importance, 

 an appeal lies to the Council of two hundred ; but in cri- 

 minal affairs, their fentence is final, and, when once pafTed, 

 there is no reverfal or mitigation. 



It is to be regretted, that in this republic, as in moft other 

 flates of Switzerland, there is no precife code of criminal 

 law. The Caroline, or code of Charles V., is oftenfibly fol- 

 lowed ; but on account of its obfolete ufages and extreme 

 feverity, the fentence is ultimately left to the difcretion of 

 the magiftrates. 



The power of the Senate, confidered in a coUeftive capa- 

 city, is very confiderable : it judges finally in all criminal 

 caufes, has the care of the police, and fupphes the principal 

 magiftrates. But as too great a power of individuals is 

 dangerous in a republic, the members of this affembly are 

 liable to be changed, and a revifion or confirmation is an- 

 nually made, in fome inftances by the Sovereign Council, in 

 others by the particular tribes to which the fenators belong. 

 This annual revifion is a great check to mal-adminiftration, 

 and at the fame time prevents the Senate from gaining fo 

 great an influence as to be detrimental to the liberties of the 

 people. A burgher is quahfied to vote at twenty ; is 

 eligible into the Sovereign Council at thirty ; and into the 

 Senate at thirty-five. The canton of Zuric is divided into 

 diftrifts or baihages, which are governed by bailiffs nomi- 

 nated by the Sovereign Council, exercifing an authority 

 fubjeft to certain reftriftions. The reformation was begun 

 by Zuinglius, in the year 15 1 7, in the town of Zuric; 

 and in 1524, gained footing in the whole canton. 



The militia of the canton amounted, in 1781, to 25,718 

 infantry, 1025 artillery, 886 dragoons, and 406 chaffeurs ; 

 in all 28,235 effeftive men. The arfenal is well fupplied 

 with cannon, arms, and ammunition ; and contains a referve 

 of muflcets for 30,000 men. This canton had formerly a 

 regiment and fome companies in the fervice of France, a 

 regiment in that of Holland, and fome companies in the 

 fervice of the king of Sardinia. 



In ecclefiaftical affairs the Senate is fupreme : the canton 

 is divided into fourteen diftrifts, each governed by a dean, 

 chofen by the fynod, from three candidates propofed by the 

 clergy of the diocefe. The fynod, compofed of the whole 

 clergy, and feveral affeffors on the part of the Little Council, 

 meets twice a year. The principal miaiiters and profeffors 

 Ee 2 in 



