A C A 



A G A 



Calyx with four awn«. The hairinefs of the upper fide of 

 tlie leaves in our plant, and the fmaller fize of the heads of 

 flotuersy may be owing to a very lofty or cxpofed fituation. 

 We merely guefs this to be Mr. Alton's laevigata from the 

 fynonym of Lamarck. 



12. A. cylindriflachya. Cylindrical-fpiked Acaena. Vahl 

 n. 13. " Fl. Peruv. v. i. 68. t. 104. f. a."—" Leaflets 

 oblong, ferrated; filky beneath. Spikes cyhndrical, on 

 nearly radical ftalks. Stems fubterraneous."— Found on 

 hills in Tarma, Peru. Herb clothed with filky pubefcence. 

 Leaves radical, numerous ; leaflets ten or eleven pair, obtufe, 

 furrowed. Flower-Jlalb feveral, from three to nine inches 

 high, bearing a few fimple leaves. Calyx purphfh, with 

 four awns. Stamens two. 



13. A. pumila. Smooth Dwarf Acsna. Vahl n. 13. — 

 Leaflets oval, convex, ferrated, very fmooth ; poU(hed on 

 the upper fide. Flower-ftalks almoft radical. Spikes cylin- 

 drical. Gathered by Commerfon at the ftraits of Magellan, 



and by Mr. Menziesin Staten-land, near Cape Horn. The 

 root is tuberous. Stems very (hort, or fcarcely any. Leaf- 

 lets about twelve pair, with blunt revolute teeth ; veiny on 

 both fides ; paler and opaque beneath. Flo'wer-Jlalk (lightly 

 leafy. Spike interrupted in the lower part. Germen befet 

 with very numerous little barbed briftles. 



ACALZIKE. After Tartary, add: the capital of 

 Ahijlia (which fee); a populous and commercial city, fitu- 

 ated in an open valley, on the left bank of the Kur. The 

 inhabitants are, Jews, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and 

 Georgians. 



ACANTHI, in Botany, Juffieu's third natural order of 

 his eighth clafs, or the thirty-fixth of his general feries, 

 named from the mod celebrated and confpicuoils genus which 

 it contains. For the charafter of the clafs, fee GfiNXiANiB. 

 The Acanthi are thus defined. 



Calyx divided, permanent, often bradleated. Corolla 

 moftly irregular. Stamina either two ; or four, two of 

 which are (horter than the others. Style folitary ; \\'ith a 

 two-lobcd, rarely fimple, Jligma. Fruit capfular, of two 

 cells, often many-feeded, vrith two elaftic valves, and a par- 

 tition contrary, or oppofite, thereto, inferted into their 

 middle, fplitting from top to bottom into two uninterrupted 

 receptacles, bearing feeds on each fide, rendering the valves 

 femibilocular. Stem either herbaceous or (hrubby. Leaves 

 for the moft part oppofite, as well as the Jlo-wers. 



Seft. I. Stamens four, in unequal pairs. 



This contains Acanthus of all authors ; Dilivaria of Juf- 

 fieu, founded on Acanthus ilicifoUus of Linnjeus ; but furely 

 on the flighteft poffible charadlers ; Blepharis of Juflieu ; 

 A. maderafpatenfis of Linnaeus, as flightly diftinguilhed ; 

 Thunbergia of Linn. Suppl. ; Barleria ; and Ruellia, 



Seft. 2. Stamens only ttiM). 



Jujlicia and Dianthera. 



Mr. Brown, who retains this order by the name of Acan- 

 thaceit, Prodr. Nov. Holl. v. i. 472, has enriched it with 

 many valuable remarks, and fome new genera. He com- 

 bines, like Profeflbr Vahl, Dianthera with Jujlicia, but 

 extrafts from the latter the Hypoejles of Solander ; with 

 Eranthemum, originally founded by Linnssus ; and efl;abliflies 

 moreover two genera of his own by the names of Hygro- 

 PHiLA and Nelsonia. ( See thofe articles. ) We perceive 

 alfo that this intelligent writer retains Vahl's Elytraria. He 

 propofes alfo Aphelandra, confifting of Jujlicia pulcherrima 

 and its alhes ; Aetheilema, founded on Forfltall's Ruellia 

 imbricata, and various undefcribed Eafl Indian and African 

 fpecies, of which therefore we can give no account. Lepi- 

 PAG4THIS of Willdenow, Sp. PI. v. 3. 400, of which we 



propofe to fpeak hereafter, is admitted by Mr. Brown, as 

 well as a new genus of Juflieu's named Blechum. Some 

 others are lefs diftinftly indicated. We feleft from the WTsrk 

 of our learned friend the following additional obfervations 

 upon the Acanthi, or Acanthacene. 



The anthers are either of two cells, fometimes equal, 

 fometimes unequal in their infertion, or of only one cell ; and 

 burft longitudinally. Germen furrounded at the bafe with a 

 glandular difl<. Seeds roundifh, moftly fubtended by reti- 

 nacula, props, or awl-fliaped afcending proceffes from the 

 partition. Skin of the feed lax. Albumen invariably none. 

 Embryo either curved or ftraight. Cotyledons large, nearly 

 orbicular. Plumula inconfpicuous. Thefe plants are chiefly 

 tropical. Their pubefcence, if any, is fimple, occafionally 

 capitate, very rarely ftarry. Leaves oppofite, rarely four in 

 a whorl, without Jlipulas, fimple, undivided, either entire 

 or ferrated ; feldom finuated, or flightly lobed. Inforefcence 

 terminal or axillary, fpiked or racemofe, fafciculated, 

 panicled, or folitary. The order is certainly natural, though 

 not eafily to be defined. In fome inftances the props of the 

 feeds are wanting. The rudiments of a fifth fl;amen fre- 

 quently occur. The elaftic mode of burfting in the capfule 

 is nearly univerfal. 



The following principles by which the genera are to be 

 difcriminated, are thus propofed by Mr. Brown in fucceflion, 

 according to their relative importance, i. Seeds with or 

 without props. 2. Partition combined with the valves or 

 feparate. 3. Anthers of two cells or of one. 4. Anther- 

 bearing ftamens two or four. 5. Limb of the irregular 

 corolla with one lip or two. 6. Calyx equal or unequal. 

 Cells of the capfule containing each two or more feeds. 

 The following is the order of Mr. Brown's genera. Hypo- 

 ejles, Jujlicia, Eranthemum, Ruellia, Hygropbila, Acanthus 

 including Dilivaria of Juflieu, and Nelfonia, which may be 

 found in their proper places. 



ACANTHONOTUS, in Ichthyology, a genus of fifli, 

 whofe cbarafters are, that the body is elongated, without 

 dorfal fins, and that it has ieveral fpines on the back and 

 abdomen. There is one fpecies, a native of the Eaft Indies, 

 defcribed by Bloch under the name of 



Nasus ; Snouted Acanthonotus, which is grey, with tlie 

 back tranfverfely barred with brown. Tliis fifh is of confi- 

 derable length, that defcribed by Bloch being two feet and 

 a half : the head is large, the teeth fmall, forming a row 

 along each jaw, the eyes large, and the noltrils confpicuous ; 

 the body, moderately wide for about a third of its length, 

 tapers towards the extremity ; head and body are covered 

 with fcales, of a blueifh tinge, filvery on the abdomen ; the 

 peftoral fins brown, of a moderate fize, the ventral of like 

 colour, and fmaU ; the lateral line ftraight, nearer to the back 

 than to the abdomen ; with ten fpines, ftrong but ftiort, 

 along the narrow part of the back, and towards the 

 abdomen from twelve to thirteen others, followed by the anal 

 fin, which is fliallow, and continued into the tail, which is 

 very fmall. Shaw's Gen. Zool. 



ACANTHURUS, a genus of fifli, confifting of fuch 

 fpecies of the Linnsan genus Chatodon (which fee) as, 

 in contra-diftinftion to the principal charafter of that ge- 

 nus, have, in general, moderately broad and ftrong 

 teeth, rather than flender and fetaceous ones ; they are 

 alfo furnifticd on each fide of the tail with a ftrong 

 fpine. Their generic charafter is as follows : Teeth fmall, 

 in moft fpecies lobated ; tail aculeated on eacli fide ; habit 

 and general appearance as in the chstodon. The fpecies 

 are, 



Unicounis. Grey-brown, with a frontal horn ftretch- 



ing 



