ANA 



tial priiiciple of Berzclius's method is the fame as that of 

 Gay Luffac and Thenard, viz. the complete combuftion of 

 the fubftance to be analyfed with the oxymuriate of potafh ; 

 but the apparatus he employed was very different, and cer- 

 tainly much better adapted for the purpofe. It confilled 

 of a glafs tube, between one-half and five-eighths of an inch 

 in diameter, and of a length fufficient to contain the mixture 

 of the fait and fubftance to be analyfed. This tube was her- 

 metically fealed at one end, and at the other of the (hape repre- 

 fentedatAl, (P/a/t-XXI._/^. 4. CZiCTn//?ry,) in order to facili- 

 tate the introduction of the mixture. When the mixture was 

 introduced, this end was drawn into the (hape A 2, in order to 

 adapt its introdudlion into the fmall thin receiver B. C is 

 a tube about twenty inches long, and a quarter of an inch 

 in diameter, filled with dry muriate of lime in a ftate of 

 coarfe powder ; from one extremity of this, a bent tube D 

 was connected with a fmall mercurial gafometer E ; in this 

 was introduced a fmall globular glafs veffel, F, containing 

 cauftic potafh, with the view of abforbing the carbonic 

 acid. All the joinings in this apparatus were made by fmaU 

 caoutchouc tubes, prepared by cutting thin pieces of that 

 fubftance into the reqiufite fhape, and preding the newly 

 cut edges together, which unite readily. The tube expofed 

 to the fire was furrounded by a thin piece of tin plate, fe- 

 cured by wire to prevent its burfting. The apparatus was 

 fo managed, that by fhifting the piece G the whole length 

 of the tube could be heated in fuccefTion by the fire H, 

 and thus the flow and uniform combuftion of the whole 

 fubftance be enfured. The other parts of the apparatus 

 will be readily underftood from infpeftion of the figures. 

 At the end of the operation, the greater part of the water 

 formed was found collected in the fmall receiver B ; the 

 remainder of courfe was found in the tube C, abforbed by 

 the muriate of lime ; and by fubtrafting the known weights 

 previoudy afcertained of thefe portions of the apparatus, 

 from their weights after the experiment was concluded, the 

 qaantity of water was accurately determined. The greater 

 portion of the carbonic acid was attached to the potafh in 

 the veffel F, and its quantity afcertained by weight. The 

 minute portion adhering to the foda derived from the oxy- 

 muriate of foda was afcertained ar. nearly as poffible by 

 eftimation. The fubftances analyfed were all carefully 

 dried at 313^ in a vacuum with fulphuric acid, and were 

 generally combined writh oxyd of lead. The quantity burnt 

 was from five to eight grains of the fubftance with thirty or 

 forty grains of the oxymuriate of potafh. For further particu- 

 lars we refer our readers to Thomfon's Annals of Philofo- 

 phy, vols. iv. and v. 



Berzelius was induced to adopt the ufe of the oxymuriate 

 of potafh from the recommendation of Gay Luffac and 

 Thenard. Before that time he had employed the brown 

 oxyd of lead. 



In the analyfis of animal fubftances, and all compounds 

 into which azote enters, the ufe of the oxymuriate of pot- 

 afh is very troublefome, and liable to great objsftions from 

 the uncertain ftate of oxydation of the azote. It became, 

 therefore, an objeft of the firft importance to pofFefs a fub- 

 ftance that would oxydize hydrogen and carbon, but not 

 azote ; fuch a fubftance has been happily lately pointed 

 out by Gay Luffac. This is the black oxyd of copper, 

 which at a low heat, fcarcely amounting to rednefs, parts 

 eadily with its oxygen to hydrogen and carbon, but not to 

 azote. Berard, Dr. Prout, and others, have taken advan- 

 tage of this in their recent analyfes of feveral animal 

 fubftances, as will be mentioned under their proper heads. 

 The apparatus employed by Dr. Prout clofely refembles 

 that of Berzelius defcritcd above, but is more fimple. 



ANA 



Dr. Prout in general prefers makii.g fcparate experiments 

 tor afcertammg the gafeous and aqueous produfts, for the 

 former of which he ufes a fimple tube only ; for the latter, 

 a tube with a fmall ball, analogous to the receiver of Ber- 

 zelius, connefted with a tube filled with dr/ muriate of 

 hme. See for further particulars Medico-Chirurgical Tranf- 

 aftions, vol. viii. 



Analysis of Soils. See Soils. 



Analysis 0/ Mineral (Voters. See Water. 



ANAMENIA, in Botany, a name corrupted by Ven- 

 tenat, Jard. de la Mahnaif. t. 22, from the Arabian appella- 

 tion of fome flowers of the family of ^Jonis and Antmone, 

 Anahamen, to which the prefent genus is related. See 



KsOWLTOMA. 



ANARHICHAS, 1. 6. The fpecies of this genus 

 enumerated by Gmclin are. Lupus, Minor, Pantherinus, and 

 Strigofus. 



Lupus; ftiark, or wolf-fifti. (See Lupus Marinus.) 

 This fifh commonly frequents the deep paits of the fea, but 

 in fpring-time approaches the coafts, in order to depofit its 

 fpawn among the marine . plants, &c. It is taken both in 

 nets and by the line ; and though the flefh is tolerable, its 

 difgufting appearance prevents its being much uied as food, 

 except by the fifhermen. The Greenlanders, however, eat 

 it, both frefti and dried, and make convenient fatchels of the 

 fkin, in which they keep various kinds of utenfils. 



Minor. Cinereous, black, with fharper cartilaginous teeth : 

 found near Greenland. 



Strigosus, \vith tranfverfe dufky bands, racemofe and 

 fomewhat lefs regular than ufual ; fuppofed by Dr. Shaw to 

 be merely a variety : found in the Britifh ocean. 



Pantherinus ; Panther wolf -fifh, marked over the whole 

 body with round brown fpots. Tfiis is allied to the firfl 

 fpecies, but differs much in colour, being of a deep yellow, 

 variegated with numerous, round, deep-brown or blackifh 

 fpots of different fizes, the largeft being on the back, upper 

 part of the fides, and dorfal fin : its length is about three 

 feet or more. A native of the Northern feas. 



ANARTHRIA, in Botany, firom «va»9»o;, dejlituii of 

 joints, becaufe the ftems are, in the unbranched fpecies of 



this genus, deftitute of knots, or articulations Brown Prodr. 



Nov. HoU. V. 1 . 248. — Clafs and order, Dioicia Triandria. 

 Nat. Ord. Tripetahides, Linn. Junci, Juff. Rejiiace.2, 

 Brown. 



Eff. Cli. Male, Petals fix, nearly equal. Filaments dif- 

 tinft. Anthers didymous, cloven at each end. 



Female, Petals fix, nearly equal. Styles three. Capfule 

 three-lobed, three -celled. Seeds folitary. 



The root is perennial. Stems com.preffed, fimple, fome- 

 times branched in a prohferous manner ; when fimple they 

 are without joints, and without fheaths, having at the bafe 

 vertical, equitant, f.vo-ranked leaves. Spikes terminal, com- 

 pound, each branch fubtended by a fheathing deciduous 

 braSea ; fometimes they are fimple, or the Jloivers are foh- 

 tary. The capfules in fome fpecies form a kind of catkin, 

 fcarcely burfting. The ftrufture of the flowers and fruit 

 comes neareft to Elegia, but the want of fheaths upon the 

 ftem, and the equitant vertical leaves, make a wide difference. 

 This genus agrees with Lyginia, (fee that article,) in 

 having twin anthers, but differs altogether in habit. 



1. A.fcahra. Rough-edged Anarthria.— Stems perfeAly 

 fimple, flat, rough-edged as well as the leaves. Petals of the 



male linear ; of the female the thn-e innermoft are fmalleft 



Found by Mr. Brown on tlie fouth coaft of New Holland. 



2. A.hvis. Smooth-edged Anarthria.— Stems pcrfeftly 

 fimple, flattifh, fmooth^'dged as well as the leaves. Petals 



of 



