A R O 



oF the waters of the MifTouri, of the Kanfas, &c. on the 

 one fide, and thofe of Red river on the other. The chief 

 rivers which fall into it are, the Verdigris, the Negracka, 

 Canadian river, Grand river, &c. Several are remarkable 

 for being ftrongly impregnated ^^^th fait ; the Arkanfas 

 itfelf, at certain ieafons, is faid to be brackitli. The lands 

 •on this river for 600 or 800 miles upwards are defcribed as 

 very fine, and capable of affording iettlements, though prin- 

 cipally untimbered. The Arkanfas is a place fituated 60 

 miles up the river, and contains 450 inhabitants. It has a 

 few ilores, and feems to be improvmg. There is a confider- 

 able trade with the Ofages up the Arkanfas, and with the 

 Indians, who live in the White river country. Tlris is alfo 

 a French eftablifhment, and has the fame proportion of 

 Americans as the other towns. The territory of the Mif- 

 fouri contains about 874 Arkanfes, whofe fettlements are 

 principally in the neighbourhood of the Arkanfas poft, or 

 extend up the river ; and they are the leaft confiderable of 

 the territory. Brackenridge's Views of Louifiana. 



ARMENIA, col. 3, 1. 49, add — And the fouthern, which 

 are poffeffed by numerous independent chiefs. At the clofe 

 of the article Armenia add — The Turkilh pachalics of Ar- 

 menia are, Erzeroom, Akifl:a, Khar^, Bayazid, Mooth, and 

 Diarbekr. Thefe pachahcs are fubdivided into diftricts, 

 governed by Vairodes. 



Armen'IA, a province of Georgia, which has the Kur to 

 the N.E., the Moffain or Siffian hills to the S., and thofe 

 of the Karagatich to the W. This province has been long 

 celebrated for its mines of gold, filver, lead, iron, and cop- 

 per, as well as for its quarries of marble and jafper ; the 

 principal of which are thofe of Quoefch and Tamblutt. It 

 is the beft peopled and moil flouriftilng of the provinces of 

 Georgia, and contains many towns. Kinnair's Perfia. 

 ARNOPOGON,in.S(3/i7«v. SeeTRAGOPOGON at the end. 

 AROIDE^, a very natural order of plants, the feventh 

 111 Jufiieu's method ; being the firft of his fecond clafa, of 

 which we have detailed the charafters under Typhje. 



The Aroidea are thus defcribed. Spadix fimple, many- 

 flowered, either naked, or involved in a Spatha, or Sheath. 

 Calyx none, or fimple. Stamens either definite or indefinite, 

 inferted into the fpadix. Genneiis originating from the fame 

 fpadix, either naked, or encompaficd with a calyx, in fome 

 initances mixed with the llamens, in others feparated from 

 them ; ftyles one to each germen, or none at all ; lligmas as 

 many. Fruits as many, of one cell, with one or ma.ny feeds. 

 Corculum in the centre of a fielhy albumen. Leaves Iheath- 

 ing, alternate, for the moft part all radical. Spadix often 

 folitary, feated either on the top of the ftem, or more fre- 

 quently on a radical ftaik. The plants are rarely caulefcent ; 

 fome of them remarkably irregular in the difpofition of their 

 organs of fecundation. 



Seft. I. Spadix enfolded in a fpatha. 



Amhrofinia, Zoflera, Arum, Calla, Dracontium, and Pothos, 

 all Linnxan genera, with Houtiuynia of Thunberg. 

 Sedl. 2. Spadix naked, deflitute of a fpatha. 

 Orontium and Acorns. 



It muft be obferved, on the authority of Juflieu himfelf, 

 that the plants of this order are only prefumed to be mono- 

 cotyledonous, their germination not having been properly 

 examined. The conjefture however is fupported by Giert- 

 ner's figures, the habit of the plants, and the ternary dii- 

 pofition of the parts of fruftification in fom.e of the genera. 

 This order is nearly analogous to the Piperiu of LinnvEus, 

 except that Piper and Saururus are included in the latter ; a 

 tneafure to which Juffieu himfelf feems inclined. 

 AROSIS. Add—See Tab. 

 Vol. XXXIX. 



ART 



ARROBA, in Commerce, a weight in Portugal and 

 Spam. At Oporto 1 arroba, or arrove, = 32 arratees, and 

 4 arrobas, or 128 lbs. = i quintal. The quintal at the 

 India-houfe is 112 arratees. (See Quintal.) In Spain 

 the arroba is alfo a liquid meafure. A moyo of wine con- 

 tains 1 6 arrobas, an arroba = 8 azumbres = 2 quartillos. 

 The arroba of wine, or great arroba, is the fame all over 

 Spain, regulated by the llandard meafure of Toledo, which 

 contains 34 lbs. of river water (Caftilian weight), and mea- 

 fures 1237^ Spanifli or 981 Englilh cubic inches; fo that 

 4 fuch arrobas are = 1 7 Englifh wine gallons. The arroba 

 of oil, or lelfer arroba, regulated by the fame ftandard mea- 

 fure, which weighs 25 lbs. of oil, or 26 lbs. 90Z. of river 

 water (Caililian weight), and meafures 966 J Spanifh or 771 

 Enghrfi cubic inches. Hence 3 fuch arrobas anfwer to 10 

 Engliih gallons. The arroba is divided into 4 quartillos, or 

 100 quarterones or panillas. A Spanifh botta contains 30 

 arrobas of wine, or 38^ of oil; a pipe is 27 arrobas of 

 wine, or 34^ of oil; fo'that the botta is = 127,^ Enghlh 

 gallons, and the pipe II 4|. Kelly's Cambiil. 



ARSKEEN, or Arekin, a long meafure in Ruffia. 

 See Vershock. 



Vol. III. 



ARTERIES, Difeafes of. Arteries being compofed of 

 blood-veflels, nerves, and abforbents, are liable to the fame 

 morbid alterations, and endowed with the fame powers of re- 

 paration, as foft parts in general ; their coats inflame, and 

 pafs through the different llages of adhefion, fuppuration, or 

 gangrene, in the fame manner as the fkin, a gland, or a 

 muicle. 



The internal coat of an artery, Mr. Hodgfon obferves, 

 bears a ilriking analogy to ferous membranes in its tendency 

 to the adhefive inflammation ; and this property is in the 

 blood-veffels, as in all organs, the firll agent of reparation 

 in injuries from accident or difeafe. The inflammation 

 which is excited by the wound or di\nfion of an artery 

 produces an effufion of lymph, which feals the extremity of 

 the veiTel, and affefting alfo the external coat becomes the 

 bafis of adhefion and final obliteration. A punftured 

 artery is united by the fame adhefive procefs which repairs 

 wounds in general ; and if irritation be excited in the coats 

 of an artery by preffure, adhefive inflammation is the confe-? 

 quence, lymph is effufed into the cavity, and into the cellular 

 lubffance, connefting the coats of the veffel ; its fides 

 coalefce ; and it is rendered impervious. The fame adhefive 

 procefs frequently prevents hemorrhage, where abfceffes, or 

 extenfive ulcerations, exifl; in the neighbourhood of large veffels, 

 the inflammation which precedes the fuppuration having pro- 

 duced an effufion of lymph between the coats, and into the 

 cavity of the arteries, whereby it is obliterated. But the 

 moll pa-fed demonftration of theeffefts of acute inflammation 

 upon the internal coat of an artery, Mr. Hodgfon thinks, 

 is to be met with in the cafes where the difeafe appears to 

 have extended to the veffel from the contiguous paits. 

 Thus, in a fatal inft;ance of violent pneumonia, befides the 

 ufual appearances on diffeftion, the inflammation was found 

 to have extended to the aorta, the internal coat of which 

 was of a deep red cojour, and a confiderable effufion of 

 lymph had taken place into its cavity. The effufed lymph 

 was very intimately coiinefted with the internal coat of the 

 veffel, and a plug of it had extended into the left fubclavian 

 artery, and nearly obliterated the cavity of that veffel. 

 (Tre'atife on the Difeafes of Arteries and Veins, p. 5.) 

 Mr. Hodgfon has obferved a fimilar ftate of the great 

 blood-veflels in a lefs degree from carditis, pneumonia, and 

 ^ X bronchitis. 



