CAR 



gated leaves; dilated and membranous at the bafe. 

 Brillles three, feathery at the bafe. Stem leaflefs. Leaves 

 radical, almoft brilUe-(haped.— Native of Port Jackfon. 



Thefe, with a non-defcript fpecies from Terra del Fuego, 

 conftitute, in Mr. Brown's opinion, the genuine genus of 

 Carpha, the following being perliaps entitled to form one 

 by ihemfelves. 



Seft. 2. Spikelds atul-Jhaped. Style elongated, m two 

 divtfwns. Nut nearly cylindrical. 



3. C. avenacea. — Panicle fomewhat fpiked. Scales with 

 awn-like points. Briftles four, (lightly toothed ; fringed 

 at the bafe. Stem, roundifh, leafy. — Native of the fouth 

 coall of New Holland. Stamens three. 



4. C. diandra. — Panicle denfe. Spikelets two-flowered. 

 Scales with awn-hke points. Stamens two. Briftles five 

 or fix, capillary, toothlefs ; fringed at the bafe. Stem 

 roundilh, leafy. — Found at Port Jackfon. 



5. C. clandejllna. — Spike elongated. Sheaths alternate. 

 Spikelets in pairs, concealed. Stem round, leafy. — Found 

 OH the fouth coaft of New Holland. 



CARRICK. See Trankey. 



CARTER, 1. I, infert E. Tenneffee. Add— It contams 

 i/. 4J-. 6d. See Tax. 



CARTERET, in Carolina, &c., 1. 3, r. 4823 ; 1. 4, r. 

 4190 inhabitants, 202 being flaves. 



CARTS, Laws relating to, col. 3, 1. 49, for l/. 4J. r. 



1142. 



CARTHAMUS, Chemical Properties of. Many expe- 

 riments have been made on the colouring matter extradied 

 from this plant. The laft and mod interefting are thofe of 

 Dufour and Marchais, of which we (hall prefent our readers 

 with a fhort account. 



The flowers of the carthamus contain two colouring 

 matters; a yellow, which is foluble in water, and has hitherto 

 been applied to no ufe ; and a red, which is employed by 

 the dyers, &c., and which conft^itutes the pigment called 

 rouge. The 'yellow colouring matter readily di(rolves in 

 water, but it is difiicult to feparate the whole of it. Dufour 

 effefted this by expofing the carthamus wrapt up in a piece 

 of linen to the aftion of a ft;ream of water. To feparate the 

 red colouring matter, he macerated for an hour the cartha- 

 mus, after it had been thus waflied, in a weak folution of 

 carbonate of foda. Into this folution was put a quantity of 

 cotton, and lemon-juice was then dropped into it till the 

 liquid afl'umed a fine cherry -red colour. After (landing twenty- 

 four hours, the liquid loft its red colour, the whole colouring 

 matter liaving combined with the cotton, and dyed it red. 

 The cotton was taken out and well waflied, to feparate a 

 little of the yellow colour adhering to it. It was then put 

 into a very dilute folution of carbonate of foda. This 

 alkali feparated the colouring matter from the cotton, dif- 

 folved it, and aCTumed a yellow colour ; the cotton being 

 removed and lemon-juice dropped into the folution, a fine 

 rofe-coloured powder gradually feparated, and at laft pre- 

 cipitated. This was the red colouring matter. This red 

 colouring principle is infoluble in water and oils, but is 

 foluble in alcohol and ether. The alkalies alfo dilTolve it, 

 but deftroy its colour. When diftilled, it yields a little 

 water, fcarcely any gas, a little oil, and a portion of char- 

 coal, equal to one-third of the original weight. When this 

 charcoal is burnt it leaves no afhes. One thoufand parts of 

 carthamus yielded only five of this red colouring matter, but 

 no lefs than 268 of the yellow colouring matter above-men- 

 tioned. Carthamus alfo contains a great variety of other 

 fubftances according to Dufour, many of which, fuch as 

 alumina, fand. Sec, are evidently foreign. It is probably in 

 fome fuch manner as the above that the pink faucers are 



8t- 



C A S 



prepared from carthamus, though we believe the exadl 

 procefs is kept fecret. 



CARTILAGE, Chemical Properties of. See Bone. 



CARTONEMA, in Botany, from ,.a.f\oc, fhorn, and 



m^a., a filament Brown Prodr. Nov. HoU. v. i. 271 



Clafs and order, Hexandria Monogynia. Nat. Ord. 

 Commelinete, Br. 



E(f. Ch. Calyx three-leaved, permanent. Petals three, 

 fmaller. Filaments equal, permanent, beardlefs, partly 

 roughi(h. Anthers oblong, vertical. Style permanent 

 Stigma bearded. Capfule (horter than the calyx, of three 

 cells and three valves, with central partitions. Seeds one 

 or two, with a dorfal embryo. 



I. C. fpicalum. — Found by Mr. Brown in the tropical 

 part of New Holland. Root perennial, tuberous below the 

 fibres. Herb clothed with lax hairs, much refembling 

 Philydrum in appearance. Stem leafy, fimple, or (lightly 

 branched. Leaves linear, clafping, elongated. Spihe termi- 

 nal, of many yellow flowers, each with two unequal, leafy, 

 permanent bra&eas. The habit, as well as the permanent 

 flamens ?cnAflyle, lead Mr. Brown to fufpeft fome affinity t» 

 Philydrum. Hence perhaps the true place of that puzzling 

 genus may be difcovered. 



CARVER, in Geography. Add — It contains 358 inhabit- 

 ants. 



CASBIN, infert — or Casween, 1. 11, after broad, add 

 — it may ftill, however, be regarded as one of the largeft; 

 and moll populous towns in the kingdom, and carries on a 

 great trade with Ghilan. 



CASEY, a county of Kentucky, containing 3252 inha- 

 bitants, of whom 237 are flaves. 



CASH, a fmall coin in China, and Indiii beyond the 

 Ganges. See Tale. 



CASHIERING, in Military Language. An officer 

 fentenced by a general court-martial, or peremptorily ordered 

 by the king, to be difmiffed from the fervice, is laid to be 

 cafhiered. 



CASSAVA, or Tapioca, Chemical Properties of. This 

 is prepared from the roots of the Jatropha manihot, an 

 American plant. (See Jatropha.) Thefe are peeled and 

 fubjefted to prefiure in a bag made of ruffles. The ex- 

 preffed juice is a virulent poifon, and is employed by the 

 Indians for poifoning their arrows ; but it depofits gradually 

 a white powder, which has all the properties of (larch, and 

 which, when walhed and dried, is perfectly harnilefs, and 

 highly nutritive. What remains in the bag alfo confifts 

 chiefly of the fame flarch. It is dried in fmoke, and after- 

 wards prelTed through a kind of fieve. Of this fubftance, 

 the caffava bread, fo much employed in the Weft Indies, 

 is made. 



CASSINIA, in Botany, dedicated by Mr. Brown to 

 his learned fellow-labourer in the (ludy of compound flowers, 

 M. Henry Caffini, two of whofe Memoirs on their ftamens 

 and ftyle have appeared in the French Journal de Phyfique, 



for 1813 and 1814. — Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 5. 185 



Clafs and order, Syngene/ia Polygamia-fegregata. Nat. Ord. 

 Compofittc, Linn. Br. 



E(r. Ch. Partial calyx four-leaved, two-flowered. Flo- 

 rets all perfeft. Seed-down chaffy, tufted. Partial recep- 

 tacle naked. 



I. C. aurea. Yellow CalTmia Native of the fouth 



coaft of New Holland. Br. Seeds were fent to Kew, by 

 Mr. Good, in 1803. The plant is marked as a green-houfe 

 perennial herb, flowering in July and Auguft, but we have 

 no account of its habit or appearance. 



CAST, for Brahmins r. Brachmans. 



CASTELLANO, a weight for gold in Spain, 50 caftel- 



lanes 



