PAR 



PANDEANS, a title given to itinerant companies of 

 Italian muficians, who perform on the Syrinx or Pan's pipes 

 of different pitches with their mouths, and accompany 

 themfelves on different inftruments with their hands and 



feet. ^ vr ■ ■ 



Thelowcft fet of reeds {ihe feptem difcnmna 



of 



treble : fo that in the aggregate 

 four oftaves, and they never play in lefs than three or iour 

 parts. The inftruments with winch they accompany them- 

 felves with their hands are the cymbals, the triangles, the 

 double drum beat at both ends, the mezza luna, a Turkidi 

 inftrument, and the tambour de bafque. 



The reeds or pipes are faftened under the chin of the 

 performer, and tlie lip of the player runs from one to the 

 other with feeming facility, without moving the inftrument 

 by manual affiftance. [Et fupra cahimos unco percurrere lalro, 

 Lucretius.) The mulic wliich thefe people perform is very 

 gay and pleafing. One of the company with whom we 

 converfed told us that they were Milanefe peafants and 

 villagers, not allowed to Itroll into great cities : which 

 accounts for our never having heard them in their own 

 country, nor any of our friends who have made the tour of 

 Italy, and remained there fome years. 



The ufe which thefe ingenious people have made of Pan's 

 pipes, by playing in troops and in different parts, is beating 

 the ancients at their own weapons.' The Grecian ftiepherds 

 of Theocritus, and the Roman of Virgil, contend in dialogue, 

 but never perform in parts. 



It will be obfcrved, that fome of the performers, parti- 

 cularly the firft treble, have more than feven pipes, which 

 enables them to extend the melody beyond the ieptenary. 

 PANIS. Add— See Towiaches. 

 PANTING, in Phyfwiogy. See LuNGS. 

 PANTON. Add— containing 520 inhabitants. 

 PAPER CuKREN-CY, 1. 8 from the end, ^/c/e where ; 1. 5, 

 infert — not. 



PAR of Exchange, col. 2, 1. 24, for lofs r. lefs. 

 PARADISE, 1. 2, r. 1548. 



PARASANG. Add— The farfang at a mean was 

 little (hort of 3^ Britifti miles. The parafanga of Xeno- 

 phon was no more than 3 Roman miles, or 2.78 Britifli miles. 

 Herodotus and Xenophon fay, that the parafanga confifted of 

 30 ftadia ; and as thefe may be fuppofed to have been of the 

 Grecian itinerary ftandard, the parafanga would be equal to 

 2.9 Britifti miles, or -rVth only longer than that of the 

 Anabafis. Rennell's lUuftration of the Expedition of Cyrus. 

 PARHELIUM, col. 2,fgs. 23, 24; 1. 14, r. 1320. 

 PARIS, in America, 1. 13, r. Oxford for Cumberland. 

 PARIYATEKA, 1. 12, for This r. There. 

 PARK, MuNGO, in Biography, a celebrated traveller, 

 was the fon of a farmer on the banks of the Yarrow, near the 

 town of Selkirk, in Scotland, and born on the loth of Sep- 

 tember 1771- After having received the firft rudiments of 

 education in his father's family, he was removed to a gram- 

 mar-fchool at Selkirk, where he remained for a confiderable 

 number of years, and where he was diftinguiftied by liis 

 application and improvement. At this early period, though 

 he was fedate, ftudious, and thoughtful, he manifefted traces 

 of that ardent and adventurous difpofition which formed 

 his diftinguiftiing charafter in future life. Preferring the 

 medical to the ecclefiaftical profeffion, for which he was 

 originally defigned, he was bound apprentice, at the age 

 of I J, to Mr. Anderfon, a refpeftable furgeon at Selkirk ; 

 and after refiding with him for three years, he removed 



PAR 



in 1789 to Edinburgh, where he attended the ufual medical 

 leftures during three fucceflive feffions. In this fituation 

 he diftinguiftied himfelf among his feUow-ftudents, by ardour 

 and afliduity in the profecution of his ftudies, and by par- 

 ticular attention, during his fummer vacations, to botanical 

 purfuits, in which he was affifted by his brother-in-law 

 Mr. James Dickfon. Upon his removal to London, this 

 eminent botanift introduced him to fir Jofeph Banks, by 

 whofe recommendation he was appointed affiftant-furgeon 

 to the AVorcefter Eall Indiaman. In 1792 he failed for 

 Bencoolen, and having availed himfelf of tlie opportunities 

 for fcientific refearches, which this voyage afforded him, 

 the refult of his inquiries and obfervations was communi- 

 cated, after his return, to the Linncean fociety, and publifhed 

 in the third volume of their Tranfaftions. Some years prior 

 to this period, a fociety had been formed with a view of 

 promoting difcoveries in the interior parts of Africa, of 

 which we have already given a brief account under the 

 article African AJJoc'iat'ion ; and feveral perfons had been 

 employed in accomplifliing the laudable purpofes for which 

 this fociety was eftabliftied. Among thefe, we may reckon 

 Meffrs. Ledyard and Lucas, major Houghton, and Mr. 

 Hornemann, who fell facrifices either to the feverity of 

 the climate, the fatigue of the fervice, or the violence of 

 the natives. The Society, though difpofed to afford liberal 

 encouragement to any perfon who was qualified for this 

 undertaking, and who had at the fame time refolution fuffi- 

 cient to engage in it, with the profpetts which paft expe- 

 rience prefented to view, found themfelves at a lofs for a 

 perfon in every refpeft fit for this hazardous miffion. At 

 this interefting period Mr. Park returned from India, and. 

 no perfon could have been found better quahfied for fuch 

 an adventurous office. Sir Jofeph Banks, the diftinguifhed 

 patron of genius and fcience, had been his friend, and with 

 him Mr. Park was in habits of frequent and intimate inter- 

 courfe. Thus circumftanced he offered his fervices, and 

 they were accepted. Having received his final inftruttions 

 from the Society, he fet fail from Portfmouth on the 2 2d 

 of May 1795, ^"'^ °" '^'^ 2'^ °f June landed at Jillifree, 

 a fmall town near the mouth of the river Gambia, whence 

 he proceeded to Pifania, where he was hofpitably received 

 by Dr. Laidley, to whom he had letters of recommend- 

 ation. For an account of his progrefs, fee the articles 

 Africa and African Affoc'iation. Upon his return, he 

 was received with cordial congratulation, both by his 

 friends and the gentlemen of the African Affociation ; and 

 he was allowed to publifti an account of his travels for his 

 own benefit. In the mean while, Mr. Bryan Edwards, fecre- 

 tary of the Affociation, printed and diftributed among the 

 fubfcribers an abftraft of the Travels from Mr. Park's 

 papers. To this abftraft was annexed an important Me- 

 moir by major Rennell, confifting of geographical illuf- 

 trations of Park's journey ; and this, by Mr. R.'s permif- 

 fion, formed a valuable appendage to the fourth edition of 

 the Travels. In the fpring of 1798, government having it 

 in contemplation to obtain a complete furvey of New Hol- 

 land, applied to Mr. Park for this pnrpofe ; but the pro» 

 pofed plan was never executed. The remainder of this 

 year was fpent by Mr. Park in vifiting his friends in Scot- 

 land, and arranging the materials of his Travels. Towards 

 the clofe of this year he returned to London, and devoted 

 the principal part of his time to the correction of his MSS., 

 which he committed to the prefs in the fpring of the year 

 1799. The work, as foon as it was publillied, commanded 

 an extenfive and rapid fale, both on account of the intereft- 

 ing information which it contained, and the general elegance 

 of its compofition. An abftratl of Mr. Park's difcoveries, 



with. 



