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five inches in diameter; and thefe mafTy rollers have the 

 patterns cnchafed upon their furfaces, in the fame way as a 

 pattern is cut upon a flat plate of copper, that is intended 

 to be employed in copper-plate printing. As thefe cylin- 

 ders are made with plates of copper hammered into a circu- 

 lar form and joined by brazing, great lofs has fometimes 

 been fuftained by the engraving giving way upon the brazed 

 ioint To obviate this, a patent has been lately obtained 

 for boring the copper cylinder from the fohd metal in the 

 modern way of boring cannon. _ 



Many of thefe machines are now contrived lo as to carry 

 two of thefe cylinders, each of which has a trough of 

 colour attached to it, by which means two different colours 

 may be printed on the fame calico, at one and the fame 



Mr. Adam Parkinfon of Manchefter has lately invented 

 a macliine capable of printing at one time, by means of 

 one cylinder and two furface-rollers, or by two of the 

 former and one of the latter, three diftinft colours. 



Thefe machines have not only the excellence of printing 

 more correftly than can pofiibly be done by means of the 

 block, but the faving of time and labour which they afford 

 is great indeed. A piece of calico which would take a 

 man and a boy three hours to print with one colour, or 

 fix hours to finifli with two colours, may by this means be 

 done in three minutes, or three minutes and a half, and 

 then much more completely than could even have been 

 imagined before the introduftion of this invention. 



Befides thefe cylinders there are others which are called 

 fitrface-mucbmes, which contain cylinders of wood, and 

 which have the pattern formed upon their furfaces in relief, 

 exaftly fimilar to the blocks already defcribed. Thefe are 

 employed in particular ftyles of work, efpecially in light 

 ground-work, and for certain kinds of refifl and difcharge 

 work. 



In light work, the white grounds are apt to be foiled by 

 the cylinders : hence furface-machines were contrived, and 

 thefe are not liable to the fame objeftion. Cylinder-machines 

 are more commonly employed in thofe ftyles which are full 

 of colour and leave but little white. 



It muft be obvious to every one who is acquainted with 

 the fubjeft, what an aftonifhing facility thefe machines have 

 afforded to the produftion of printed calicoes ; and alfo 

 what an advantage they give to the Britilh printer in foreign 

 markets. 



But we cannot conclude without expreffing our fears, 

 that even thefe facilities may eventually be the means of 

 doing a ferious injury to the trade, and of deftroying that 

 confidence in the goodnefs of Britifh prints, which has 

 hitherto been generally felt in every market on the conti- 

 nent, and alfo in every part of the New World, wherever 

 they have been introduced. We refer to that mode of 

 printing which has lately been adopted, and which confifts 

 in precipitating the colouring matter from logwood, and 

 from other fugilive dyes, and in printing thefe on the cloth, 

 •without any mordant or previous preparation whatfoever. 

 Thoufands of pieces of this fort have been finilhed at the 

 low rate of one penny the yard, including every expence 

 of colour, pafte, and printing. Thefe articles, it will 

 fcarcely be credited, are dried up immediately from the 

 printing-machines, and are (hipped abroad, without even 

 being walhed off. 



To tuajl: o^is a technical phrafe. It means the foaking 

 and rinling the pieces in water, in order to dilfolve and 

 remove whatever gum or pafte had been employed with the 

 colours in printing them. 



Such goods, wherever they go, muft produce great dif- 



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fatisfaftion ; for they will neither endure the rays of the fun 

 nor moifture. The firft fliower of rain to which they may 

 be expofed, will not fail to wafti out the pattern, and reduce 

 them to a worfe ftate than that of plain white calicoes. 



In the reign of queen Elizabeth, an aft was pafTed to 

 reftrain the ufe of Jpgwood in dyeing, on account of the 

 fugitive nature of its colour ; and if this degrading kind of 

 printing be continued, the interference of the legitlature 

 will again become neceffary, or the foreign trade will, from 

 this caufe alone, be entirely loft to the country. 

 Printing, Cylinder. See the preceding article. 

 Printing on Porcelain. The art of printing, particu- 

 larly as it applies to books, has, from its incalculable 

 benefits and vaft importance, excited at once the profound 

 admiration and gratitude of the world ; and this inefti- 

 mable difcovery has been claimed by feveral individuals, 

 alike anxious for the honour of giving to mankind at large 

 the advantage of a rapid and economical diffufion of delight 

 and inftruftion. T\\e Jirjl idea of types was very probably 

 given by the Roman potters, who were in the habit of 

 ftamping their names in raifed charafters on their vafes, 

 &c. The letters on this plan were, in faft, models of the 

 types ufed by the firft printers ; and it appears fingular that 

 the idea of adapting fuch models by the medium of ink, 

 to the common purpofe of multiplying words and fen- 

 tences, (hould not have come into ufe until about the year 

 1442. 



It will appear, on confideration, ftill more fingular, that 

 after the introdudlion of engraving on wood and copper, 

 (which was in ufe at the fame time with letter-prefs 

 printing,) the art of transferring impreflions of orna- 

 mental defigns, from the copper-plate to the furface of 

 porcelain or pottery, was not difcovered till about the year 

 1760. 



The Royal Porcelain Works in Worcefter, belonging 

 to Meffrs. Flight, Barr, and Barr, are the only cftablifh- 

 ment that claims the honour of inventing this admirable and 

 ingenious procefs. We can find no mention of this art 

 in the annals of this or any other country prior to this period. 

 It was praftifed with great fuccefs for many years in the 

 works alluded to ; and befides the demand for home con- 

 fumption, large quantities were exported to Holland. In 

 the year 178S, his prefent majefty Geo. III., and his royal 

 confort the queen, with the princefs royal, the princefs Au- 

 gufta, and the pri^icefs Elizabeth, vifited the Worcefter Por- 

 celain Works, and particularly noticed this ingenious branch 

 of the art of decoration. Tlie royal party were much 

 gratified by the compliment paid them, in the ftriking off 

 impreffions from two copper-plates with the likenefTes of 

 the king and queen, which had previoufly been engraved 

 by direftion of the proprietors, in order to exemplify 

 the nature of the operation. The fecret of the printing 

 was, about the year 1781, conveyed from the works at 

 Worcefter into the potteries of Staffordfhire, and has 

 proved of infinite fervice in extending this branch of 

 national commerce, and affording employment to the nume- 

 rous population in that part of the country. The common 

 Britifh blue and white printed earthen-ware is now held in 

 high efteem in foreign countries, from its cleanly and neat 

 appearance, befides its being in general ufe at home. This 

 art is certainly belt confined, as in the prefent day, to the 

 inferior fabrics, fuch as earthen-ware, as the material on 

 which the print is made is reafonable, and can be rendered 

 at a price which fuits the convenience of the confumer for 

 all common purpofes. The method, as invented and adopted 

 by the original proprietors of the Worcefter Porcelain 

 Works, is as follows : — The engraved copper-plate having 



firft 



